Executive compensation as a Macroeconomics topic Essay

Official remuneration as a Macroeconomics point - Essay Example With respect to the backers of free market economy, business cycles are typical (McConnell and Brue 134). In any case, during the previous years, its capacity to address itself is being put to address thus the need to apply other agents’ help was seen. Macroeconomic variances influence corporations’ execution through interest and cost conditions (Oxelheim, Wihlborg and Zhang, par.1). Nowadays, CEOs and significant level directors are being employed by organizations to help them in their tasks. Obviously, their administrations won't be for nothing out of pocket, truly, they are generously compensated. In any case, issues emerge in light of the fact that they are currently observed as contributing variables to the enormous expense for organizations causing disequilibrium. Many accept that U.S. official pay is gravely out of balance (Paulin 1). This is a result of the exceptionally high remuneration that these directors charge comparable to their administrations rendered t o the organizations. The balance in the market is being upset by the broadening hole in the pace of official pay and others doing likewise occupations in different pieces of the world just as the typical representatives. In the event that in any case, CEOs and directors are utilized to help settle the blemishes of the market but since of the an excessive amount of cost of remuneration they ask which is additionally accepted to be out of harmony, they are signifying the disappointments of the free market framework.

Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment Free Essays

Presentation Question One Based on the data introduced in the situation/contextual analysis examine Albatross Anchor’s seriousness according to (if you don't mind address all things in the beneath list and offer help for your decisions): 1. Cost a) Cost of Production: To comprehend the expense of creation we should initially comprehend what two costs are important to organization along what can make an organization pick up or lose benefit. First we see Variable cost which â€Å"depends on what materials and work are required for the company† and for this situation it is stays which can change with the volume of grapples that is created (Russell Taylor, 2011). We will compose a custom exposition test on Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The fixed expenses are â€Å"those that don't change with yield and regularly in rents, belittling, protection, set-up cost and ordinary profit† (economicsonline. co. uk). Fixed expenses are normally known as your overheads. With regards to Albatross Anchor and the assembling of its stay we can see that the fixed expense are down on the grounds that they decided to make in house. Taking a gander at the cost we can see that the expense of assembling mushrooms/chime stays are $8. 00 for each pound and $11. 00 for each pound for the tangle snare stays. One needs to comprehend that Albatross sells their items are a similar rate as their rivals and their item are made principally for new water which can be a drawback. Another detriment that I saw is that the entirety of their produces are made in house which influence their expense too. With regards to delivery they just have two methods which is dispatching (bigger cargo ships) and truck transporting. In spite of the fact that there net revenue may now and again be under 35% we additionally need to think in the event that they working productively and everything that possibly influenced if the assembling, delivering or getting lines go down. ) Economies of Scale in material buying: â€Å"A organization that accomplishes Economies of Scales bring down the normal expense per unit through expanded creation since fixed expenses are shared over an expanded number of goods† (Andexer, 2008). (By and large) less info costs, economies of scale (ES) are supposed to be accomplished. On the other hand, this implies as an organization develops and creation units increment, an organization will have a superior opportunity to diminish its costs† (Investopedia. com). One needs to inquire as to whether, Albatross Anchors is creating stays in little bunches how are they ready to meet the economies of scale? To be straightforward we can state they are most certainly not. In spite of the fact that the organization itself has developed from 4 to 130 individuals the organization yield/producing has not making the expense of yield drop. c) Cost of Raw Materials Sitting Idle in the Warehouse: â€Å"Raw materials can be delegated immediate or aberrant materials. Direct materials are: crude materials that can be truly and straightforwardly connected with the completed product† (simplestudies. com). With that being expressed on the off chance that the crude materials are sitting inert in the stockroom, at that point that will influence the overhead. This may likewise influence the transportation/accepting offices alongside the extra room that is accessible. d) Cost of Finished Goods Sitting Idle in the Warehouse: With both completed and crude materials sitting inactive one needs to solicit how much from increment in cost is a direct result of the capacity is the organization taking. Numerous items at Albatross Anchor are not dispatched out until they demonstrated to effective. 2. Speed of assembling process from request to completed item. In spite of the fact that it might appear that because of constrained measure of stays that are made are delivered the assembling of the item would be proficient and powerful. Yet, from the video and the entirety of the perusing I would need to state that because of the kinds of machines that is requirement for each stay that speed and quality possibly influence now and again. There are various sorts of machines that are required for each stay alongside ensuring that representatives are prepared well to run the machines. With that being expressed between changing each machine/product offering it might slow the way toward making every item. 3. Adaptability in filling order(s). With regards to the adaptability of dispatching request Albatross just sells their grapples at discount cost and it is primarily to organizations and not the general buyer/open. Another factor to consider is the manner in which the structure is set up alongside the restricted measure of room that is accessible in the distribution center between every office. Numerous things relying upon the size and amount can take a long time so as to dispatch that specific request. 4. Innovation. With regards to our present world and as much innovation that is utilized one may believe that they would have figured out how to put it use inside beneficiary organization however that isn't the situation. Gooney bird Anchors just tend to changes as they come making them fall behind with regards to innovation. The machines are more seasoned which makes them wonder about the additional cost that it might cause to prop them up. 5. Limit and offices. In the wake of evaluatin g the video I see that their offices are in poor conditions making it harder for some to work that kind of condition. The authoritative office have no space/request to them alongside their transportation or getting office influencing how the organization streams on an every day bases. Not having enough space alongside perfect, sorted out offices can influence the produce and yield of an organization. 6. Administration to clients. Gooney bird Anchors just offer to wholesalers not so much having a relationship to their buyers. Since a significant number of items are sold by appropriation organizations or OEM organizations for the most part have enormous requests one may not know the genuine assistance that is being given. Another factor to consider is that they sell their items at a similar rate as their rivals so there will never be any genuine markdown making a bigger customer base. I would propose making the ways for different customers to help widen the market. Question Two There are numerous ways that mushroom/ringer stays might be made. Gooney bird Anchor is thinking about two new assembling forms (Process An and Process B) to lessen costs. Examination of the data beneath will help figure out which procedure has the most minimal breakeven point (this approves the procedure is more financially savvy). For each procedure the accompanying fixed expenses and variable expenses are recognized beneath: Anchor and ProcessProcess AProcess B Deal cost per anchor$45. 00$45. 00 Total Fixed expense $ 650,000. 00$950,000. 00 Variable expense for each anchor$ 36. 00$ 29. 99 Based on the data in the table above complete the table beneath: Anchor and ProcessProcess AProcess B (a) Fixed expenses per stay 650000950000 (b) The all out number of grapples to accomplish breakâ€even point for Process An and Process B 72,22263,291. 14 (c) Based on your figurings which Process (An or B) that you would suggest for reception (you can choose just one). It would be ideal if you make a point to clarify how you come to your end result. By and by since the breakeven purpose of the two has been determined I would need to suggest utilizing process B on account of the expense and the sum that has are delivered. Inside an organization we as a whole need to consider what will be productive at long last and that is another motivation behind why I went with Process B. Decision Albatross Anchor is a privately-run company that began with just four individuals and it developed to 130. This organization has went along way and can possibly develop significantly greater it they can convey item quality and furthermore utilizing a portion of the more up to date innovation that is accessible to them. I would likewise recommend that they grow their market and customer base alongside redesigning/extending the assembling organization. Alongside improving their assembling divisions they additionally need have the regulatory office in a space that is useful and increasingly sorted out. Inside each business there should be an arrangement, structure and a methods for conveying the best nature of administration that is out there and this organization has far to go. References Cost of Production. (n. d) Retrieved March 17, 2013 from http://www. economicsonline. co. uk/Business_economics/Costs. html Andexer, T. 2008). Examination and Evaluation of Market Entry Modes Into the Asia-Pacific Region. Recovered March 17, 2013 from books. google. com/books? isbn=3640144074 Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing cost, (n. d) Retrieved March 16, 2013 from http://simplestudies. com/producing nonmanufacturing-costs. html/page/4 What are Economies of Scale? (Smith Marshall, 2009) Retrieved March 17, 2013 from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/03/012703. asp Russell, R. Taylor, B. (2011). Activities Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain, seventh Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons The most effective method to refer to Mt435 Unit 3 Assignment, Papers

How Chantix Works to Help You Quit Smoking

How Chantix Works to Help You Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Using Chantix to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Gary Ferster More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Have you been thinking about trying Chantix to quit smoking? Chantix (varenicline tartrate) is a non-nicotine prescription medicine that was developed by Pfizer, Inc. specifically to help people quit smoking. How Chantix Works Chantix works on two levels. First, it partially activates sites in the brain known as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are affected by nicotine. This gives new ex-smokers mild nicotine-like effects and eases symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Second, Chantix has the unique ability to stop nicotine from attaching to those nicotine receptors if you smoke while using it. How Nicotine Affects Brain Chemistry Nicotine gives you an almost immediate kick of euphoria thats the result of rapidly changing brain chemistry, and it starts within seven seconds of the first puff on a cigarette. When nicotine enters the brain, it docks with nicotinic acetylcholine  receptors. The nicotine molecule is very similar in shape to a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which affects many bodily functions, including breathing, heart rate, learning, and memory. Acetylcholine also affects other neurotransmitters that have an influence over appetite, mood, and memory. In the brain, nicotine binds to nerve cell receptor sites in places where acetylcholine would, creating the same effects. Once its attached, a release of dopamine is triggered. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter thought to be responsible for reinforcing the pleasure/reward associations people have with smoking. It is this chemical process that is thought to be responsible for addiction. Other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, and opioids also trigger the release of dopamine. The acute effects of nicotine wear off within minutes, so people continue dosing themselves frequently throughout the day to maintain the pleasurable effects of nicotine and to prevent withdrawal symptoms. How Chantix Affects Nicotinic Receptors When Chantix is introduced into the brain, it targets a specific type of nicotinic receptor called alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors. It docks with these receptors, triggering a release of dopamine in the same way nicotine would, though not quite as much. For ex-smokers, the effect is equal to a low to medium dose of nicotine that lasts until the drug wears off, which is several hours. In this way, Chantix helps to relieve symptoms of nicotine withdrawal that people experience when they quit smoking. The added bonus here is that while Chantix is docked at these receptor sites, nicotine cannot do the same. So, if you decide to smoke a cigarette while you have Chantix in your system, the cigarette will not offer its usual feel good dopamine boost. Smoking will be a flat/dull experience and quitting  is hopefully easier to achieve. Research on Effectiveness Six clinical trials involving 3659 chronic cigarette smokers were used as a basis for the effectiveness of Chantix as a therapy for smoking cessation, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The trials showed that Chantix was more effective than a placebo to help people quit smoking. In two of the five trials, people using Chantix therapy (22 percent) were more successful at quitting smoking than those using Zyban (bupropion hydrochloride) (16 percent) as a quit smoking aid. For those taking a placebo, abstinence at the one year mark was approximately 8 percent. In one recent study, researchers looked at 1086 people who quit smoking using one of the following three methods: Chantix, the nicotine patch, or the patch and nicotine lozenges used in combination. The results indicated that the three quit methods were similar in success rates at both six months and one year. At six months, 23 percent of participants who used the patch were still smoke-free, compared to 24 percent of those using Chantix, and 27 percent of  people who used a combination of the patch and lozenges. At one year, the success rate was 21 percent for the patch, 19 percent for Chantix, and 20 percent for the combination method. Other research has also shown that a combination of Chantix and the  nicotine patch  was more effective than using Chantix alone, though more studies are needed. Even Small Success Is a Victory While  the success rate may not seem like great odds, keep in mind the sheer number of people who are addicted to nicotine and dying because of it today. Globally, smoking-related diseases cause  nearly  6 million deaths every year. Put another way, tobacco claims a human life every five seconds somewhere in the world. A drug that has the potential to help approximately 25 out of every 100 people using it to quit smoking is worth considering. Its also important to have quit aid choices available to people who want to stop smoking because what works for one might not work for the next person. Greater choice equals a greater chance for success, ultimately. Chantix Safety In the years since Chantix became available, a number of serious health concerns associated with its use  have been identified. Chantix is a prescribed medication because, as with any medication, there can be significant side effects for a small percentage of the population. If youre interested in using Chantix, talk to your doctor to decide whether it might be a good choice for you. Safety Concerns and Side Effects of Using Chantix to Quit Smoking

The No Child Left Behind Law - 1315 Words

Today the public school system in America is failing to meet the educational standards. The public education is lack of focus to teach their students abilities and skills and is lack of funds, supplies and resources to improve the learning and educational experiences for students. Public schools getting worse and worse according to critics and experts. The United States is being beaten by other nations with higher test scores and the government have being trying to close the achievement gap and make the scores go up. But, these reforms had not work and have been a complete failure to meet the education needs because the government just focus on get higher grades, but not in the necessities of the children. The No Child Left Behind law which is an example of the â€Å"efforts† made by the government. This law sought to advance American competitiveness and close the achievement gap between poor and minority students and their more advantaged peers. On the Other hand, Is the act No Child Left Behind working? The principles of No Child Left Behind date back to Brown v. Board of Education, when the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools and determined that the separate but equal was unconstitutional. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was enacted in 1965 as part of the Johnson Administration’s War on Poverty campaign. The law’s original goal, which remains today, was to improve educational equity for students from lower income families byShow MoreRelatedEssay about Theoretical Benefits of No Child Left Behind Law3175 Words   |  13 PagesTheoretical Benefits of No Child Left Behind Law President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind bill in January of 2002 calling for the country to change the mode of production of children through the educational system. With any major change in any large institution of society, there are going to be advantages and disadvantages. It is important in judging any change by looking at the overall good and bad that is taking place from the change. So as No Child Left Behind is reviewed, it is importantRead MoreThe Importance of Improving Public Education Essay examples1453 Words   |  6 Pagescompromise. This includes all the laws that are passed, and more specifically the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act.† The No Child Left Behind Act was not the first law passed to affect the nation’s educational systems, nor will it be the last. There have been several problems laid out with the various educational systems put into place, and there are many things we could do today to better our educational systems in the future. Before President Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act went into place there was theRead MoreThe Debate Over the No Child Left Behind Act Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe current debates surrounding the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 are both positive and negative. Many politicians and people that previously supported the Act are now standing against it. In the beginning many supported the new Act because everyone was aware that a change needed to happen in the education system and the proposal of No Child Left Behind seemed like the answer we were looking for. As the No Child Left Behind requirements began to be felt in the school systems across AmericaRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Of 20011403 Words   |  6 Pagesfair number of interesting topics in this Political Science 2 class session of the Fall 2016 semester. A few that stood out to me, personally, were the topics of laissez-faire economics, separate-but-equal issues, and the viewpoints of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. From the tenth edition of the course book We the People, Texas Ed. by Benjamin Ginsberg and Unit 2 of the lecture; a policy developed by the efforts of the late philosopher and economist, Adam Smith, laissez-faire economics essentiallyRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001617 Words   |  3 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was drafted and passed to inject a rigid standard-based education system in the United States. It was signed into law by President Bush, and represents a gross, unwarranted, and unsubstantiated encroachment of the federal government into education. According to the State of New Jersey Department of Education (2010), the No Child Left Behind Act contains the most sweeping changes to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) since it was enacted in 1965Read MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act895 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the No Child Left Behind Act? The article â€Å"Do states have the right to ignore federal laws tha t they do not want to follow,† have followers that disagree that states need more authority to avoid the federal government from commanding policies they go up against; the Tenth Amendment presents a constitutional foundation for affirming that power. Today, opponents dispute, that federal power has decreased to weak levels, threatening individual liberties and making state rights that much moreRead More No Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System (this essay is missing the works cited) Just three days after taking office in January of 2001 as the forty third president of the United States, George W. Bush announced his plan of No Child Left Behind. Signed January 8, 2002, it was the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the central federal law in pre-collegiate education. (Rebora) No Child Left Behind cleared Congress in a landslide with overwhelming majoritiesRead More No Child Left Behind Act Essay examples695 Words   |  3 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bushs education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math toRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act872 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law January 8, 2002 , by George .W Bush. The Act is a re-authorization of the Secondary Education Act, The No Child Behind Act was put into effect in order to help close achievement gaps and improve education within the public school system using various techniques so that no child would be left behind. In order to achieve the goals of the act, procedures were to be followed by public school system, Bush suggested that schools test students in gradesRead MoreNo child left behind act1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe No child left behind act has been a big issues ever since its establishment in 2009 by President George Bush. There has been cry by some parents for the law to be repeal because they feel it is creating more problem for the educational system. However, critical analysis of the situation of the students grades by comparing the period before and after the establishment of No child left behind will show that the law has brought tremendous improvement in our education and need to stay. Education

Martin Luther King Jr I Have a Dream Speech Critique Essay

I HAVE A DREAM SPEECH CRITIQUE This speech took place on August 28, 1963 millions of citizens, children, law and policy makers attended while 250,000 watched on TV as a Baptist Preacher ,a Boston University Graduate Dr, Martin Luther King stood behind a podium. He established an immediate rapport with an ever changing audience and communicated on a meaningful level, by appealing to moral conscience of Americans standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. He gave the rhetorical demands that racial justice no longer shall people be divided by race or religion. Although at the time it wasnt the case, it was a future vision that all people are created equal ( M.L.K.) The central Idea or purpose of his speech was and is to†¦show more content†¦( M.L.K.). Allerations that were stated by King in the speech were Symbolic shadow we stand today this was in reference to standing on the steps of the Lincoln memorial to the president who defeated southern states over slavery. Being behind a great leader mean ing the father of Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln. Another alleration is We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of the self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating(M.L.K.).The repetitition in the speech is with rhythm and was actually not even in the original speech the whole part of the speech when King states I Have A Dream was add libbed the day of the speech. King uses repetition to touch on main points that King wants to express the most and generate strong emotion to and among leaders. When king keeps repeating I Have A Dream, Let Freedom Ring.it is merely a technique to aid in memorability. Allegory in the speech is Negro being free, and Persuading you to see and want the same. The Forecasting King used in the speech was stating in the beginning of the speechShow MoreRelatedThe Swinging Sixties: A Time of Civil Resistance Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Free at last† were the words of a legendary man who would later inspire change throughout the world. Through his panoply of work, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. challenged the popular idea of African Americans being of less status than â€Å"white men†. His I Have a Dream speech is recognized across the world, not only as inspiration for blacks everywhere, but also as a prime example of non-violent civic activism. King’s main objective was to achieve the equality that blacks had been deprived of. He discussedRead More Martin Luther King Jrs Impact on the Civil Rights Movement Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jrs Impact on the Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream speech directly contributed to the Civil Rights movement. While delivering his speech at a kairotic moment, King tells us how blacks have been serving an injustice and that they should be treated equally. Much had transpired before the speech was delivered. As civil rights protests spread throughout the nation, King continued to combine peaceful methods of protest and his theological trainingRead MoreJohn F. Kennedys Agenda in Civil Rights Address1133 Words   |  5 Pagestook the presidential office in January of 1961, the United States was at the forefront of the civil rights movement. Kennedy inherited a country that was mostly segregated in the southern states. African American civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. were busy trying to unify the south to allow for all equal rights. Protests, sit-in’s, and demonstrations became a common occurrence as African American people were being discriminated against. President Kennedy used his presidency to helpRead MoreFamous Thinkers: Immanuel Kant and Martin Luther King Jr.1282 Words   |  5 PagesFamous Thinkers: Immanuel Kant and Martin Luther King, Jr. Introduction Throughout history, across time and space, there have been many thinkers whose teachings and ideas have inspired significant changes in the world around them. From Socrates and Sir Isaac Newton to Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein, certain individuals throughout history have had both the brainpower and the motivation to essentially change the future, using their new ideas and beliefs to shape the worlds next generationsRead MoreEssay on My Soul Is Rested1383 Words   |  6 PagesMy Soul Is Rested: A Critique of Raines Work. The Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South is one that is well known and familiar to us all. We all know of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the charismatic preacher who was undisputedly the leader of the civil rights movement in the South. We have all also heard of Rosa Parks, the black woman who would not give up her seat in the bus and was thus arrested for it, she was the catalyst that sparked the civil rights movement. They were the famous peopleRead MoreFamous Thinker2262 Words   |  10 PagesThinkers Paper Jason Terry PHL/458 September 25, 2012 Cher Summers Famous Thinkers Paper Looking back throughout history many famous thinkers have made an impact on society; however, not as much as Dr. Martin Luther King; a people’s man or Mr. Bill Gates a business hero. After researching these two famous thinkers and their contributions to society I will identify the problems each wanted to solve, the solutions to the problems and the implementation of those solutions. The exploration of eachRead MorePhl458 Famous Thinker Paper Wk 42316 Words   |  10 PagesFamous Thinkers PHL/458 Famous Thinkers Many famous thinkers have made an impact on society; however, none as much as Dr. King; a people’s man or Warren Buffet; a businessman. After an in-depth analysis of the thinkers and their contributions one will identify the problems each sought to solve, the solutions each found, and implementation of those solutions. Moreover, exploration of each thinker’s social, political, and personal environments will show how those factors contributed to theirRead MoreNelson Mandela: A Modern Oratorical Master776 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ History has proven time and again, across every historical era and cultural period, that those who are capable of naturally delivering intelligent and inspirational oratory have the unique potential to inspire individuals to action, motivate the formation of mass movements, and effect social changes on a grand scale. Persuading people to embrace ideological ideals through the effective use of rhetorical skill has been a higher intellectual pursuit since the time of Aristotle and the ancient GreeksRead MorePeople At A Low Wage2317 Words   |  10 Pagesdidn t believe her family was the investing type, but most of her values didn t permit her because she didn t want to be a part of making money by selling liquor to others. Walter would beg her for the money and tell her she didn t care about his dreams, yet she was willing to pay for his sister s medical school tuition. Lena deals with her son complaining everyday about her not investing in the business that could change their lives. After she notices her son stops going to work and all he doesRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Mccarthyism1862 Words   |  8 PagesChristians are honorable people in the face of their wrongful death as they are seen singing the gospel which contrasts with images of Nero’s sadistic performances over the destruction he causes. The Christians, later including Marcus Vinicius, also have mid-western American accents and a stance for â€Å"brotherhood, peace and belief in one God,† which American audiences could easily identify with (Richards 58). On the other hand, â€Å"the Roman Empire is the ultimate totalitarian society, characterized by

“Let Him Have It” How does the director encourage the audience to feel sympathy for Derek and his family Free Essays

string(165) " of how Derek ends up in Kingswood Approved School \(a young offender’s institute\) and raises the question as to whether it is his fault that he is in there\." n this film â€Å"Let him have it† how does the director, Peter Medak, encourage the audience to feel sympathy for Derek Bentley and his family? Refer to three specific episodes from the film in you answer. â€Å"Let him have it† by Peter Medak is a very powerful film based on a controversial true story. The narrative is about a murder committed by Christopher Craig and Derek Bentley. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Let Him Have It†: How does the director encourage the audience to feel sympathy for Derek and his family? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peter Medak, the Director, explained â€Å"I made this film to break hearts† and the way the scenes have been established and portrayed by the actors increase the emotional response of the viewer. The reason that this film is so effective is due to the amount of emotion and sympathy the Director portrays towards Derek Bentley. However, the film has a distinct bias towards Derek Bentley as it follows his characterisation compared to that of the other actors. Within this essay I will draw out the techniques the Director has uses to create a truly emotive production. I have chosen three episodes from the film where I believe the Director has emphasised the sympathy towards Derek and his family most effectively; the opening chapter, this depicts Derek when he was a young boy during World War II, the murder of the police officer, this is when Derek and Chris Craig attempt to break into a premises and the hanging. As the film opens it immediately provides the feeling of; sadness, sorrow, grief and unhappiness. The background to the credits are pitch black and the credits are written in old style, types set with white writing, establishing the feeling that the film is set in the past. The background music is sad, gentle and to some extent slightly emotional providing a sense of unhappiness. As the credits continue, the music gets louder and louder. This creates suspense in the audience, making the viewer believe that something is going to happen. The credits dissipate and then we can here bomb blasts, providing an indication that the first scene is going to be set during a war. This is effective because we can imagine the scene from the sound before we can view it. The first scene reveals the trauma suffered by people living in London during World War II. As the camera pans the set it shows the demolished houses and the devastated families with their personnel belongings scattered over the rubble. This creates a strong emotional response in the viewer for all of the people caught up in the air raid that has hit the street. The camera pans across a demolished house and the distraught family and then focuses into a body shot of a mother crying over her dead child. A lady calls for help, the attention is focused upon the lady shouting, â€Å"I have found him†, as they lift the rubble away, revealing Derek for the first time. The scene reveals a helpless, weak and vulnerable young boy surrounded by rubble and covered in dust. The Director increases the emotive effect of the scene by lighting the childs’ face and zooming into the boy, which then reveals blood seeping out of his ear. The boy starts to shake and fit, this completed the effect the Director was aiming for, to create the initial sympathy for Derek. The trauma Derek experienced within the first scene could provide the reasons for his learning difficulties and disability. The Director has built this scene to explain to the audience what is happening to Derek and to create sympathy for him due to this incident, although at this stage it is unclear that he is suffering from. The Director has clearly identified this scene to underpin the whole film and I believe it provides a very descriptive and highly emotive start to the film. The film transports the viewer to when Derek was 19 years old, this is expertly delivered by focusing in on Derek in the rubble, followed by a close up of Derek as a teenager and pans out to show who he is with. The boys are about to break into an old persons shed, the mood is sad and sombre. The music is slow and deliberate, using the ‘miner keys’ making this scene uncomfortable and provides the feeling that something bad is going to happen. Then you see the boys breaking into the old person’s sheds, the lighting suggests Derek’s innocence due to him being highlighted and the boys shadowed. The music gets louder and louder when the boys are vandalising the shed. Derek had no intentions of going into the old persons shed until one of the boys encouraged him, â€Å"Hoy Derek†. The Director is showing the audience how easily led and vulnerable Derek is whilst under the influence of others, which could be due to Derek’s learning disability. It looks obvious throughout the scene that Derek is playing and he does not understand what he is doing wrong. He is trying to be part of the gang. During the scene Derek tries to eat the old person’s supper that the other boys ruined with coffee, this is out of character for him and supports the conclusion that he is trying to fit in. When the man comes back the rest of the boys flee but Derek just freezes, he then starts fitting. This scene is powerful due to the high camera shot indicating his harmlessness and his lack of power. The Director uses this technique to establish sympathy for Derek, so you feel that he is just in the wrong place at the wrong time. The scene shows how the character of Derek is fragile and how easily he gives into peer pressure. This provides the impression of weakness within his character. The Director has again uses this scene to depict the major events that affect Derek’s life and sets the scene of how Derek ends up in Kingswood Approved School (a young offender’s institute) and raises the question as to whether it is his fault that he is in there. You read "â€Å"Let Him Have It†: How does the director encourage the audience to feel sympathy for Derek and his family?" in category "Papers" The scene has a big impact on the film; the audience would not feel as much sympathy for Derek because they may think that he was ill-disciplined and badly behaved for being in the institute. In the institute the music starts slowly to create sadness in the audience, as the camera tracks through the institute to a long shot of Derek in a long narrow corridor. This makes him look alone, harmless and sad as if he is waiting to be disciplined by the Head Master of the institute. The following scene is of Derek’s father and the Head Warden in the office discussing Derek’s low intelligence and his disability, epilepsy. This make the audience feel sympathy for Derek because he has been categorised and is not capable of fitting into a young offenders institute. Derek needs specialist help, which he never appears to receive. After Derek is released from the Institute he takes it upon himself to become reclusive and agoraphobic probably due to this being easier than facing life and its dangers. It takes allot of persuasion by his sister, whom he loves, to overcome this feeling and become more extravert. This also provides the audience with impression that he feels unwanted because of being rejected from the school. This could have resulted in how easy it was for Derek to join Chris’s gang, because he felt wanted. Prior to the scene where Derek and Chris attempt to break in to the butchers shop, Derek is portrayed as someone who is trying to fit in and that is why he takes the keys to the shop. Throughout this scene there is clear evidence that Derek does not realise the potential implications of what he is doing, he believes he was only having fun. When Derek hands over the keys to Chris he comments, â€Å"you be in charge Chris,† as if he is a child. As they jump off the bus the boys play together, just like young children. Chris then hands a knuckle duster to Derek; he takes it like a child taking a new toy from his parents. This helped establishes to the audience that Derek’s intention on the roof was not to kill but to just following the gang and try to be one of them, as portrayed in the gangster movies that the boys watched at the cinemas, prior to this scene. Chris applies a great deal of peer pressure to Derek, â€Å"are we going to do this or are you going to piss off too? † this shows how easily he is led by Chris. The Director shows a family observing Chris and Derek climbing up the fence, they immediately call the police. The audience is now aware that the police are coming; it also creates suspense, as you wonder what will happen to Derek and Chris if they get caught. The Director keeps switching to the police and their movements setting the scene for what is about to happen. The viewers can see the level of police presence surrounding the boys where as Chris and Derek are completely unaware as they are playing on the roof, running around like children catching each other in a school playground. When Derek and Chris are surrounded by the police, Derek exclaims, â€Å"my dad is going to kill me†, he could not think of anything worse than being reprimanded by his father. A police officer enters the roof and Derek struggles with Chris to try to prevent him shooting him, he warns the officer that Chris has a gun. Derek does not move when he was warned to stay still by the officer. It is at this stage when a critical point of the whole film is depicted, the officer asks Chris for the gun. Derek shouts to Chris â€Å"let him have it† meaning to give the gun to the officer; however Chris shoots the officer. Throughout this scene, Derek is portrayed as trying to help. The audience can feel sympathy for Derek because when he is trying to be of assistance but is being pushed around by the police. The audience do not feel as much sympathy for the policeman as they do for Derek because the viewer does not know about the officer’s background, as we do with Derek, he is not characterised. The Director makes it very clear that Derek does intend to hurt or kill anyone and has no animosity towards the police officer. The Director shows a clear bias towards Derek in the way the scene is depicted. The audience could feel some sympathy for Chris because his brother has just been sent to prison; he shouted â€Å"you gave my brother twelve years†. It is effective when the Director shows a close up of all the policemen loading up their guns, and showing Chris loading his gun with six bullets, to show how outnumbered Chris is compared to the police. When the Police Officer was murdered, the Director includes a close up of all of the faces looking at the body, Derek was shocked, sad and stunned at what Chris had committed. When Derek walks towards the body he looks physically shaken, the viewer can feels a lot of sympathy towards him because he is genuinely sorry for the policemen. Derek knelt by the policeman’s side, lowering himself down to his level, to show his respects towards the policeman. As the policemen take Derek away he does not resist arrest because it was never his intention to hurt anyone, after all he was just playing, or so he thought. In the third scene I have chosen, Derek and his family are awaiting the hanging. The Director creates a large amount of sympathy towards Derek and his family throughout the final episode. Once again the lighting and camera position is used to increase the emotive effect of the scenes. After Derek is taken down, following the court case, Derek and Chris are in two different cells looking at each other, this is the first time in the film where the Director places Derek in the shade. This is because he fared worse following the court case due to his age compared to that of Chris and he is facing execution. In the scene just prior to the hanging a light is tracked from the window through to the bath full of letters showing the support received for Derek’s cause. The Director again is using this effect to show Derek’s innocence, this creates sympathy in the audience as they know what is about to unfold and that it is unjust. When Derek’s parents were informed that he should never have been tried in a court of law because of his mental age, the audience feel pity towards him because of what he went through in court, the stress of it all, when he should never have been there in the first place. The audience feels sympathy when he says â€Å"I am not afraid to die†; it gives the impression that he has given up and accepted the fact that he will die. It also emphasises the fact that he is still a child inside. The audience feels sorry for Mr. Bentley as the letter to the Queen is his last hope of saving his son. The Director has added this scene to depict the desperation of the Bentley family. During Derek’s last conversation with his family he says goodbye as if he will never see them again, he tries to stay positive when his mum and dad are around â€Å"cheerio, see you tomorrow†. The music in this scene gradually gets louder to increase the emotion between the family also increases the sympathy towards Derek and his family, especially when you realise Derek can not touch or kiss his family for the last ever time before the hanging. They then place their hands together on either side of the glass barrier. Derek dictates his last words to a prison warden because he can not write for himself, he states in his letter to his mum â€Å"I tell you what mum, the truth has to come out, and when it does a lot of people will get hurt†. As Derek dictates this the camera gradually zooms in as he signs his name showing that he is struggling to spell his name and has the handwriting of a child. The Director chooses to show a scene where Derek’s dad is in his bedroom holding his toy aeroplane, waiting for a verdict, this reminds us that Derek is mentally still a child. It makes you feel sorry for Derek because he is going to be executed for a crime that he would never be able to even conceive, never mind commit. You feel like they are hanging a child, an eleven year old child. What’s more, in the scene the Director uses a close up of the officer scribing for Derek, the officer has a tear in his eye, as he sees the injustice unfolding. Within the execution scene there is a close up of the clock above the fireplace in the Bentleys house, this is very effective as it symbolises Derek’s life ticking away. Mr. Bentley walks out into the middle of the street making him look small and helpless, like he has given up all hope. The street looks long and lonely, a postman walks up to Mr. Bentley giving him a pat on the back saying â€Å"this is all today† this shows the contrast in letters. A couple of days before there had been hundreds of letters being delivered, but now there was only one letter. This tells the audience that even Derek’s supporters have given up on the possibility of a reprieve. As the clock is ticking away the camera delivers a high shot looking down on the family in the middle of their living room, hugging each other for comfort. The high shot makes them look helpless’ you feel that there is nothing they can do to help Derek now. It makes the audience feel sorry for the family as they have tried everything they could; petitions, trying to get a retrial, writing to the queen etc, but in the end nothing had worked. The Director increases the sympathy for the family when he uses a close up of them crying together for Derek. This is jucsiposed to Derek saying his pray the Director shows the grieving and scared, sad Derek, to maximise the suspense and the sympathy for him and his family. Outside of the prison, protesters are singing hymns asking for God’s mercy for Derek. The Director shows this shot of all the protestors singing, in front of the huge walls of the prison and a huge solid door. This shows that the protesters can’t do anything for Derek but pray, sing and hope. This is creating sympathy for Derek because it is clear that everyone is on Derek’s side even the officers inside the prison and the executioner. The executioner says to Derek â€Å"everything is going to be alright† to provide him with some encouragement. When it is time for the execution a clock is ticking, this links Derek’s scene to his families scene, then the clock strikes 9 o’clock and Derek’s breathing becomes louder. This is creating the tension in the audience, and also showing how nervous and scared Derek is towards the execution. Derek does not struggle or shout protesting his innocence, if the director didn’t show this the audience would not feel as much sympathy for him. All the prison officers stopped working and after he was hung they bowed their heads showing their sadness for Derek. The protesters are now singing hymns for him as if they were at a funeral. When Derek is hung the camera closes in on his shoes in order to try to achieve the atmosphere, yet not showing the macabre hanging. The camera pans towards the light coming from the ceiling, as if Derek was escaping from the prison and going home or towards heaven. The camera flies over Derek’s town into his bedroom and down the stairs, as if he was walking towards the living room to his family. The camera makes the audience feel like Derek is now a ghost or an angle. The camera zooms in towards Derek’s family together in the middle of the living room. Then over their shoulders to the clock on the mantelpiece, it stops ticking. This sequence of camera shots maximises the sympathy towards Derek and his family and creates an overwhelming feeling of injustice. The Director used multiple techniques in the film to create sympathy for Derek and his family for example; panning, high shot, low shots, close ups, body shots, etc. The music throughout the film is similar, slow and, sad using the ‘minor key’ to create a slightly uncomfortable feeling. The lighting of Derek and the people around him, for example, Derek was predominantly in the light when he was around Chris, this suggests his innocence. The cumulative effect of the techniques creates a powerful, highly effective and emotive film which provides the viewer with a compulsion to keep watching and till the conclusion. After the conclusion the viewer is left with a true feeling of injustice and sadness especially when you find out it is based on a true story. How to cite â€Å"Let Him Have It†: How does the director encourage the audience to feel sympathy for Derek and his family?, Papers

Sofy Night Pad Application of the Integrated Marketing Communication

Questions: Your team is required to write a marketing communications plan for a fast-moving consumer good (consumer packaged good) of your choice for the Singapore market for a six-month campaign. The assignment should specify both the brand as well as the specific product (e.g. MILO ready-to-drink carton packs). The assignment has two parts: (A) Oral Presentation; and (B) Written Proposal.The marketing communications proposal should include at least these SIX components: 1. Background of organization and industry: Provide a brief profile of the company to explain the nature and scope of the business. Briefly outline key factors in the industry that may be pertinent to your proposal. 2. Communication Objectives: This section should begin with the statement of Marketing objectives. Communication objectives, drawn from the marketing objectives, are subsequently defined. Objectives should be SMART (i.e. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-framed). Your recommendations will be mea sured against their likely effectiveness to accomplish these. 3. Target audience profile: Offer a succinct description of the target audience (in terms of behaviourgraphic, demographic, psychographic, and/or geodemographic characteristics). It is imperative that the recommendation on your marketing communication mix be directed at this group. (Since this is an ad campaign, the focus is on target audience and not target market, the latter of which may be a broader segment or a combination of segments.) 4. Positioning: Provide a benefit-centred positioning statement and positioning map. 5. IMC Program: Recommendations on Message Media represent the most important component. Message: This section identifies the most differentiating and motivating message about the brand-and-product that can be delivered to the target audience. Focus on: Brand benefit(s) The Big Idea/Creative idea that promotes the key benefit Creative execution One sample of creative execution (e.g. storyboard, webisode, print ad) Executional consistency Media: Selection of media channels and media vehicles, with a report of the following. Media objectives: reach, frequency, weight, GRPs/TRPs, timing Behavioural sequence modelling or Communication effects modelling Media calendar 6. Budget Evaluation: Suggest budget allocation by media or other approach. Indicate when and how campaign will be evaluated for effectiveness and/or efficiency. Answers: Introduction: Application of the integrated marketing communication plan is hitherto been considered as one of the most intrinsic approaches of business development. Pealoza and Venkatesh (2010) seems to have strategically mentioned that the main target of this type of communication attribute is not only to promote the product or to promote the organizational ethics, at the same time this helps in developing of the market orientation for an organization. The market communication planning is basically a concept of oriental management. This specific research work is focusing on the genuine factors of market development and communication plan. In this research work the researcher is going to focus on the marketing strategy taken by Unicharm Corporation in order to market Sofy Night Pad in Malaysia. 1. Background of the Organization: Sofy Night Pad is one of the integrated products of Unicharm Corporation, hails from Japan which is basically a chemical company has been specialized in producing of diapers both for the babies and adults. In 2001 the organization had been checked to producing the most hygienic products by UN (Mller and Saren, 2009). It topped in 2011 among the other diaper manufacturers of Japan. In 2013 the company has acquired around 43.12 billion by selling their products over different Asian countries. The organization seems to have recorded of having around 10,300 employees in different manufacturing and marketing departments working across the world. Among the other brands of Unicharm save Sofy are Lifree, MamyPoko. Blattberg et al. (2009) has identified the company of developing different pet foods, nappies and toiletries as well. It is sure that the organization has developed all through these years which have paved ways for gathering marketing aspects for the organization (Brodie et al. 200 8). The social value of the organization is also literally effective which helps the organization to have developed and attaining the customers attention. Application of the different marketing strategy is really essential to attain the market orientation for the organization. Pels et al. (2008) specifies that as the organizational ethics are potentially managed in the coming days to cop up with the demand of the market place, the organization can attain the market benefits. It is to be mentioned that the organizational ethics are the most corporate logistics that needs to be fulfilled by Unicharm Corporation. The conditional approaches of the organization are helpful which needs to be managed and attained. The most potential approaches of the organizational ethic of Unicharm Corporation are to let the customers feel great even in the most disturbing situations. The ethical approach to maintain a healthier prospect, the products of Unicharm Corporation is literally ahead of other consistent available products of the market place. 2. Communication Objective: Unicharm Corporation has aimed of conducting a ix month campaign across Malaysia to let the product and the organization to be familiar by the common people. The basic approach of marketing objectives for Unicharm Corporation is to maintain a unique communication with the other companies as well. The organization targets in entertaining the market orientation. For this approach the organization targets at SMART objectives which comprises of specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time framed approaches of the organization (Pelsmacker et al. 2009). Specific: The company has to be specific in their approaches about the product. As Unicharm Corporation wants to launch Sofy Night Pad in Malaysian market place, the focus is needed to be centered on the products genuineness and has to fulfill the demand of the customers of the market place. As the product is normally manufactured for the women, the target has to be specifically determined and needed to be brushed properly. Measurable: The approach of the company and its prospect is needed to be measurable. The total target of financial benefit is needed to be measurable and sophisticated. How much the market can be sophistically managed is also a matter of significant attribute. Achievable: The targeted market approach needs to be managed properly which has to be managed properly. Unicharm Corporation has to target for the long term achievements which are needed to be uniquely achievable (Pealoza and Venkatesh, 2010). Realistic: The realistic market approach of acquiring the Malaysian market management is not so much identical. Therefore, Unicharm Corporation has to be realistic in its approaches so that it can manage the organizational and marketing ethos. Time Frame: As it has already been mentioned earlier that the campaign will be run for 6 months in different parts of Malaysia, it is expected that it will bring a high result for making a significant market penetration for the organization. 3. Targeted Audience: The targeted audience for this campaign is the women who generally need to go out for professional works. Although the company with this product targets a specific group of customers o the market later it is aimed to include all women of the Malaysian society. For this purpose application of the behaviourial approach is literally important. The behaviourial segment of the market place helps in managing the organizational ethos. Berry and Yadav (2008) seem to have mentioned that application of the communication mix in this approach is really essential. Unicharm Corporation may prefer digital and handy advertisements to let more people to be attracted to the products. Attention of the public relation is really helpful which helps in managing more conditional approaches of business for Sofy in Malaysian market place. Unicharm Corporation may also focus on expanding on the sales promotions as well. On the other hand, personal selling is also an option to be managed for making the market (Pealoza and Venkatesh, 2010). The communication approach of the organizational ethics is very much essential that helps in managing the ethical approaches. Although the broader sense of markeing approaches is helpful in the developing of the organizational and marketing ethos of the organizational benefits. 4. Positioning Biraghi and Gambetti (2013) presumed that positioning is an essential part as well as the effective for launching the new product in a particular region. Therefore, the company Sofy tries to positioning their new products Sofy Night Pad into the market of Singapore. In order to position the new product, Sofy has to provide information through several questions to their target audiences such as what do you do? Therefore, the management or the advertise department of the company has to play important role in order to position the products on consumer mind (Danaher and Rossiter, 2011). However, in terms of positioning the new products of Sofy in the Singapore market, organisation has to maintain the following fundamentals Understand the single greatest influence about the customers buying behaviour Evaluate the product according to the mental map of customers such as use of incredible tagline like feel free wherever you go Apart from that, for positioning the product Sofy has to demonstrate the relevance of products such as usability benefits among others, credibility, supportability, factual terms, etc. Therefore, Davidson (2013) argued that positioning statement is also another aspect that affect the brand value on the consumers, mind. There are several aspect of positioning statement that clearly identifies the credibility as well as volubility of new product (O'Donnell and Rice, 2012). Following positioning statement will be the effective method that compelling and important for Sofy Night Pad in Singapore market especially to the target audiences The new Sofy Nught Pad innovative and has extra dry sheet that make comfortable to the user The extra dry sheet especially design for liquid absorption quickly into the napkin The new Sofy Night Pad is design with top sheet that minimizes the contact of skin from moisture. It make the spot dry and feel comfortable. Figure 1: Positioning Map (Source: Nieddu et al., 2010, pp- 2358) 5. Integrated Marketing Communication Program Message: In order to launch the new product, the company Sofy developed string message format. The company provides printed advertise poster from small to large. For small ad poster, company used 11 * 17 for medium 18 x 24 and for large 24 x 36. In order to make the ad, the communicator design a impressive headline use Sofy Night Pad and feel comfortable (Filipovic, 2013). Therefore, in terms of designing the message, the communicator used very attractive colour such as green, red, pink, violet, etc. Apart from that, Sofy involved Maria Sarapova in order to advertise their product through TV channel. The visualization and quality also clearly mentioned by the communicator during advertise (Fuchs, Ricci and Cantoni, 2012). Media: In order to promote as well as position the product, communicator such as Sofy used non personal communication channels including media (Morrison and Conaway, 2012). Following table shows the media that consists Sofy Night Pad ads in the market of Singapore Media Name Explanation Print Media Magazines, direct mail, news paper, press released, Press kit etc (Kerr and Drennan, 2010). Electronic Media Video Tapes, Web Page, Social Media, Audio Tapes, etc, Google add word, podcast, blog and RSS feed (Mackert, 2012). Broadcast Media Television, Radio, Satellites Event and Trade Shows Event Sponsorship, travel and accommodation, signage and collateral, client or prospect entertainment, trade promos (Moore, 2012). 6. Budget and Evaluation Particulars TOTALS Public Relations TOTALS Press Releases $ Press Kits $ 450.00 Other $ TOTAL $ 450.00 Mobile, Online and Web Marketing TOTALS Online Advertising Design $ 5,400.00 Google AdWords Program $ 31,600.00 Website Development, Hosting, Updates $ 5,500.00 Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Organic $ 4,150.00 Social Media Management - Facebook/Twitter/Youtube $ 5,850.00 Podcasts $ 900.00 Mobile $ 1,370.00 Blog and RSS Feed $ 2,550.00 TOTAL $ 57,320.00 Advertising TOTALS Advertising Design $ 4,800.00 Print Advertising Placements $ 3,050.00 Radio, TV, Outdoor Adverts $ 500.00 Point of Purchase $ Co-op $ TOTAL $ 8,350.00 Events and Tradeshows TOTALS Event Sponsorships $ 7,500.00 Travel Accomodations $ 19,000.00 Signage Collateral $ 3,700.00 Audio/Vidieo Equipment $ 6,000.00 Client/Prospect Entertainment $ 5,000.00 Trade Promos (USB Pens, Hats, etc) $ 6,000.00 TOTAL $ 47,200.00 Direct Marketing TOTALS Graphic Design $ 14,600.00 Direct Mail Program $ 22,000.00 Email Marketing System (Hosted i.e. Constant Contact $ 6,000.00 Email Marketing List Purchases $ 10,000.00 Customer Surveys $ 600.00 TOTAL $ 53,200.00 TOTALS SUMMARY TOTALS Public Relations $ 450.00 Mobile, Online and Web Marketing $ 57,320.00 Advertising $ 8,350.00 Events and Tradeshows $ 47,200.00 Direct Marketing $ 53,200.00 TOTALS $ 1,66,520.00 % of TOTAL 100.0% Table 1: Summary of the detail budget for the first Year Total cost Percentage of cost January $ 36,950.00 22.2 % February $ 25,470.00 15.3 % March $ 23,200.00 13.9 % April $ 21,100.00 12.7 % May $ 7,950.00 4.8 % June $ 8,400.00 5.0 % July $ 8,400.00 5.0 % August $ 9,950.00 6.0 % September $ 3,700.00 2.2 % October $ 7,250.00 4.4 % November $ 7,150.00 4.3 % December $ 7,000.00 4.2 % Table 2: Monthly composition of expenses for first year Figure 1: Monthly composition of expenses for first year From the above diagram, it has been seen that, the company has to invest more in the first four month after starting or launching the products in Singapore market. After four months, the investment of the company will low. It indicates that the company will start to make profit after four month. Details of the budget for this marketing communication plan for Sofy Night Pad in Singapore market has been mentioned clearly in the appendix. Conclusion This study explained the marketing communication plan for Sofy Night Pad in the Singapore Market. The company Sofy has already established their business in the First Moving Consumer Goods industry. Therefore, now they wanted to launch new product and target market is Singapore. SMART objectives has been analysed that clearly demonstrate the marketing communication objectives for Sofy Night Pad. Analyst represent the positioning map for the product from the point of view of Singapore Market. Integrated Marketing Communication has been discussed also in this study. Non-personal communication channels are used for communication or promoting the brand of Sofy. Reference List Berry, L. L. and Yadav, M. S. (2008) Capture and Communicate Value in the Pricing of Services. Sloan Management Review, 37(4), 41-51. Biraghi, S. and Gambetti, R. (2013). Corporate branding: Where are we? A systematic communication-based inquiry.Journal of Marketing Communications, pp.1-24. Blattberg, R. C., Malthouse, E. C. and Neslin, S. A. (2009) Customer Lifetime Value: Empirical Generalizations and Some Conceptual Questions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(2), 157-168. Brodie, R. J., Coviello, N. E. and Winklhofer, H. (2008) Contemporary Marketing Practices research program: a review of the first decade. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 23(2), 84-94. Danaher, P. and Rossiter, J. (2011). Comparing perceptions of marketing communication channels.European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), pp.6-42. Davidson, S. (2013). Campaign Communication and Political Marketing.European Journal of Communication, 28(1), pp.80-82. Filipovic, J. (2013). The review of the marketing appeals and their role in the strategy of development of the successful marketing communication.Marketing, 44(4), pp.354-360. Fuchs, M., Ricci, F. and Cantoni, L. (2012).Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012. Vienna: SpringerWienNewYork. Kerr, G. and Drennan, J. (2010). Same But DifferentPerceptions of Integrated Marketing Communication Among Marketing Communication Partners in Australia.Journal of Promotion Management, 16(1-2), pp.6-24. Mackert, M. (2012). Account Planning: Applying an Advertising Discipline to Health Communication and Social Marketing.Health Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), pp.270-282. Mller, K. and Saren, M. (2009) Do we really understand business marketing? Getting beyond the RM and BM matrimony. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 24(5/6), 322-336. Moore, G. (2012).Fashion promotion. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Academia. Morrison, T. and Conaway, W. (2012).Kiss, bow, or shake hands, sales and marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nieddu, M., Boatto, G., Pirisi, M. and Dess, G. (2010). Determination of four thiophenethylamine designer drugs (2C-T-4, 2C-T-8, 2C-T-13, 2C-T-17) in human urine by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 24(16), pp.2357-2362. O'Donnell, C. and Rice, R. (2012). A Communication Approach to Campus Bottled Water Campaigns.Social Marketing Quarterly, 18(4), pp.255-273. Pels, J., Coviello, N. E. and Brodie, R. J. (2008) Integrating transactional and relational marketing exchange: A pluralistic perspective. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 8(3), 11 Pelsmacker, P. D., Geuens, M. and Bergh, J. V. D. (2009) Marketing communications a European perspective 5th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Pealoza, L. and Venkatesh, A. (2010) Further evoloving the new dominant logic of marketing: from services to the social construction of markets. Marketing Theory, 6(3), 299-316 Spotts, H. and Weinberger, M. (2010). Marketplace footprints: connecting marketing communication and corporate brands.European Journal of Marketing, 44(5), pp.591-609. Thorson, E. and Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tllinen, A. and Karjaluoto, H. (2011). Marketing communication metrics for social media.International Journal of Technology Marketing, 6(4), p.316. White, P. (2012). Multimodalitys challenge to marketing theory: A Discussion.Journal Multimodal Communication, 1(3).

Albert Einstien Essays - Albert Einstein, Theory Of Relativity

Albert Einstien Men and Women of Science Albert Einstein Early Life Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on Mar. 14, 1879. Einstein's parents, who were non observant Jews, moved from Ulm to Munich, Germany when Einstein was an infant. The family business was the manufacture of electrical parts. When the business failed, in 1894, the family moved to Milan, Italy. At this time Einstein decided officially to end his German citizenship. Within a year, still without having completed secondary school, Einstein failed an examination that would have allowed him to pursue a course of study leading to a diploma as an electrical engineer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He spent the next year in nearby Aarau at the cantonal secondary school, where he enjoyed excellent teachers and first-rate facilities in physics. Einstein returned in 1896 to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, where he graduated, in 1900 as a secondary school teacher of mathematics and physics. After two years he obtained a post at the Swiss patent office in Bern. The patent-office work required Einstein's careful attention, but while employed (1902-1909) there, he completed an astonishing range of publications in theoretical physics. For the most part these texts were written in his spare time and without the benefit of close contact with either the scientific literature or theoretician colleagues. Einstein submitted one of his scientific papers to the University of Zurich to obtain a Ph.D. degree in 1905. In 1908 he sent a second paper to the University of Bern and became a lecturer there. The next year Einstein received a regular appointment as associate professor of physics at the University of Zurich. By 1909, Einstein was recognized throughout German-speaking Europe as a leading scientific thinker. In quick succession he held professorships at the German University of Prague and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In 1914 he advanced to the most prestigious and best-paying post that a theoretical physicist could hold in central Europe, professor at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft in Berlin. The 1905 papers In the first of three papers that were published in 1905, Einstein examined the phenomenon discovered by Max Planck, according to which electromagnetic energy seemed to be emitted from radiating objects in quantities that were ultimately discrete. The energy of these emitted quantities, the so-called light-quanta was directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation. This circumstance was perplexing because classical electromagnetic theory, based on Maxwell's equations and the laws of thermodynamics, had assumed that electromagnetic energy consisted of waves propagating in a hypothetical, all-pervasive medium called the luminiferous ether, and that the waves could contain any amount of energy no matter how small. Einstein used Planck's quantum hypothesis to describe visible electromagnetic radiation, or light. According to Einstein's resourceful viewpoint, light could be imagined to consist of discrete bundles of radiation. Einstein used this interpretation to explain the photo electric effect, by which certain metals emit electrons when illuminated by light with a given frequency. Einstein's theory, and his subsequent elaboration of it, formed the basis for much of quantum mechanics. The second of Einstein's 1905 papers proposed what is today called the special theory of relativity. At the time Einstein knew that, according to Hendrik Antoon Lorentz's theory of electrons, the mass of an electron increased as the velocity of the electron approached the velocity of light. Einstein also knew that the electron theory, based on Maxwell's equations, carried along with it the assumption of a luminiferous ether, but that attempts to detect the physical properties of the ether had not succeeded. Einstein realized that the equations describing the motion of an electron in fact could describe the nonaccelerated motion of any particle or any suitably defined rigid body. He based his new kinematics on a reinterpretation of the classical principle of relativity, that the laws of physics had to have the same form in any frame of reference. As a second fundamental hypothesis, Einstein assumed that the speed of light remained constant in all frames of reference, as required by cl assical Maxwellian theory. Einstein abandoned the hypothesis of the ether, for it played no role in his kinematics or in his reinterpretation of Lorentz's theory of electrons. As a consequence of his theory Einstein recovered the phenomenon of time dilatation,

Daydreaming is Better Than Reality Essays - English-language Films

Daydreaming is Better Than Reality Essays - English-language Films Daydreaming is Better Than Reality Dorian Raines Dr. Xie English 1013-06 Essay 2 March 26, 2014 Daydreaming is Better Than Reality The main character from "Death of a Salesman", Willy, really had a hard time with the real world, and had thoughts of everything that he went through in the past. During the whole play from beginning to end Willy is confused and does not pay any attention to what is going on around him in the real world. With him dreaming everyday and having these crazy illusions he is beginning to think that things could possible brighten up his life a little and make things better. Him thinking things would get better would make him think about old times in his life, when he had his whole family to make him happy, and we had a job that brought in good money for the whole household. Willy was so deep in his daydreams sometimes it was hard for him to realize that the life he was living was not the one that he wanted it to be. Willy thinking that his life was perfect and he didn't have any problems really hurt his family because they had to suffer from the things that he was forgetting about. Willy wo uld often have outburst of anger and go crazy on his dearest friends and family. The only thing that seemed to calm Willy down was daydreaming about what he thought was reality. In the beginning of Act 1 Willy is very confused and doesn't really know reality from his daydreams. Willy sons Happy and Biff, Biff was the oldest, and was criticized for working the manual labor job at farms and different ranches. When Biff gets of work he really lets his mind roam and doesn't know what he things about but he really lets his mind wonder. Willy states that his son is lazy, but later in the story this changes and says that his soon is anything but lazy. During the whole play Willy has a confusion of his words and says something and later says the complete opposite. Willy's other son Happy is the more successful one out of the two siblings, and the father and son bond is close to nothing. Willy seems to blame himself for the way his son Biff is turning out, almost a failure getting in and out of jobs since he has been out of high school. He really blames himself because when Happy and Biff were at younger ages he didn't really speak on how important success was. All t hrough the play Willy thinks about when his kids were smaller and had borrow stuff to practice for different sports and things that they wanted to play. From different context clues shows that Biff was well liked and was an athlete but he had a lot of problems in math class. Willy assumes that just because a person is well liked that they will automatically be successful. Coming back to the real world, Willy craved attention from everybody even though he a family and a woman on the side he still feels that he needed more. The woman on the side never really was announced by named but she appears in one of his daydreams that he usually had throughout the day. In the dream he was caught fooling around with the other woman in a hotel room, one thing he would do for this mystery lady is buy her new stockings even before he thought about his wife. Things turn around in the play when Willy's son Biff finds out what is going on with his father and this outside woman in his fathers life. Biff really took a turn in education when he found this out it really had an impact on the way he thought about school. Linda would really like Willy to stay somewhere close and do his work because she is worried about him being away with his brother. Willy goes behind everyone's back and tries to get the job away from home but gets denied by his boss. In Act 2, everything really begins to go down hill it starts with Willy getting fired from his job. Willy's boss says that he doesn't

CNC-CMM & Poisson Distribution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CNC-CMM & Poisson Distribution - Coursework Example (Spitz Steven Nadav, 1999) A whole set of comprehensive algorithms are used to generate program in the CNC or Computer Numerically Controlled machine so that that the CMM is completely automated and the dimensions obtained are exact after accounting all the tolerances. Source: www.mitutoyo.com, 2006, measuring surface profiles of cars The Inspection probing system Probes are usually classified as contact probes and non-contact probes. Contact probes generate dimensions by physically touching the work piece while non-contact probes do not require physical contact. (Spitz Steven Nadav, 1999) Hard probes are the most simple of probes; the accuracy of which depends on the skill of the operator. The probe is made to have contact with the component and the dimensions generated after compensating for probe diameter. These are used to measure distances between components and diameter and the angles at which bores are located in a work piece. (Genest David, 1999) Source: www.mitutoyo.com, 200 6, Inspection probing system Touch trigger probes remove the manual part of scanning. An LED is used to generate a signal when the probe touches the surface of the work piece. ... Genest David, 1999) Source:www.mitutoyo.com, 2006,Stresses & displacement of an I beam of rail track Analog scanning probes are used to map surfaces of crankshafts and turbine blades. These are capable of continuously scanning large surfaces and generate analog output in the forms of contours and images. Irregular and complex shapes can be measured using this probe. This has two systems namely the open loop system and closed loop system. The open loop system senses the change is surface profile and adjusts itself automatically to retain contact with the surface. The open loop system on the other hand is driven along a predefined profile that is already present in the data base. It then generates an output regarding the degree of deviation of the measured profile from the standard piece. (Genest David, 1999) The non contact probes are the most effective way of generating data since contact between the probe and the work piece is done away with thereby reducing measuring errors. These laser probes direct a laser beam on the surface of the work piece. Its position is measured using the triangulation technique onto the probe receptor. Source:www.mitutoyo.com, 2006, Comparing actual and true surfaces Vision probe is another non contact probe which are give quite accurate results of small 2-D parts at very fast pace. This generates a number of measuring points on the image taken which are then compared to a standard work piece product. This gives us an inference about the deviations of the product from the ideal one. (Genest David, 1999) Communication standards The Dimensional Measuring Interface Standard (DMIS) improves the interaction between the computer aided systems like CAD/ CAM and the CMM machine to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the manufacturing process.

Industrial and Organizational Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial and Organizational Psychology - Essay Example I/O, therefore, serving as a guide tool to ensuring better performance of individual and a better running organization, covers major aspects of organizational management such as human resource management. The human capital serves as the primary factor that contributes to the over-all efficiency of the organization. I/O tools are used in personnel selection, motivation, and further development. It also helps in improving relationships between teams, and within individual workers. McCarthy (2002) outlined the brief historical flow of the growth of I/O Psychology. His accounts started with Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology laboratory in 1879. It served as a precursor to the recognition of I/O psychology although other issues related to I/O had long been raised before Wundt's. During the pre-WW1 era several key figures made contribution in the field of I/O psychology. Among which Frederick W. Taylor's, experimented in 1883 at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel plant led to the development of his Scientific Management philosophy in 1911. McCarthy (2002) also mentioned Hugo Munsterberg, as being considered as "the father of industrial psychology" who led the way to the application of psychological findings from laboratory experiments to practical matters. His book Psychology and Industrial Efficiency published in 1913 addressed personnel selection and equipment design. During World War I, Walter Dill Scott did some research on best placement of sol diers in Army. The Hawthorne Studies in 1924 led to the publication of the concept of Hawthorne Effect in 1939, which is highly contributory to industrial psychology. It states that the there is a change in behavior, such as increased attention, following the onset of a novel treatment and this effect eventually wears off as the novelty dissipates. From then to present several other studies more elaborative within the field of Industrial and Organizational psychology came out and other names emerged. Farr (2006) laid a comprehensive discussion on the birth of a formal institution that recognizes Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In his Presidential Address to the Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology, Inc., at St. Louis on April 11, 1997, Farr reviewed how the society was born from its original mother organization, the APA.. Several members of APA with strong interests in the applicability of psychology, include James McKeen Cattell and the founder of the Journal of Applied Psychology, G. Stanley Hall; while Hugo Munsterberg was elected a member at the first meeting of the charter group. The first applications of psychology that might be labeled as industrial psychology occurred in the early 1900s; Walter Dill Scott in Chicago began work related to advertising, and published books related to this topic in 1903 and 1908. Munsterberg conducted research on the use of aptitude and work sample tests in personnel selection and later published Psychology and In

Why are Professional Standards Important?

Why are Professional Standards Important? Introduction To start this report I would like to explain the importance of professional standards. According to the LLUK (no date) the professional standards have a purpose. These standards are for all educators who work within the lifelong learning sector which describe the skills, knowledge and attributes required for those who are in teaching and training roles. Professionalism in a teacher role According to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (no date) teacher professionalism has relevant significance in education and that it affects the role of the teacher, which in return affects the students ability to learn effectively. This definition however does not describe how a professional should act within their job or workplace. According to teaching expertise (2006) the post-compulsory education and training (PCET) sector is broad and diverse. Teachers, trainers and tutors who work within the FE sector have all had different experiences. Educators have often gained specialist knowledge within a particular industry e.g. hospitality and catering. An alternative route is through university and specialising this way. Critically examine societies and your own, values in relation to education or training. (K1) Values of professional practice, according to Wallace (2009), Our values represent something internal to us a part at our own moral and ethical guidance system. I believe that teaching and learning has a purpose to educate learners in the means to proceed and progress a learners future and career prospects. I believe that a value is a value created on someones own behalf. The purpose of education, I believe, is to educate and furthermore we need education in our daily lives to survive. The educator has a role which is to support and provide a service whilst at the same time motivating learners. Furthermore, it is important to stress that there should be a connection between the educator and learner and that there is a positive relationship between them. It is important, as an educator, to communicate effectively. In addition, a profession and a professional work together in harmony. It should be made clear that a professional person needs values of professionalism. There may be some overlap in terms of how a professional should act or carry out a professional job. The comments above tie in closely with what makes a good teacher. From personal reflections and thoughts, three distinct aspects came to my attention, which are: An effective listener towards the learners and staff Being respectful to colleagues and learners To be understanding towards learners and staff Poor teaching or poor professionalism in teaching is as follows: Not letting students finish tasks No reassurance of learning Impolite to staff and students Favouritism with students In summary, the values which are distinct and should be considered as acceptable values for teaching professionals are being supportive, being a listener and also to respect all staff and students within the institution. Professional practice can be determined with a set of values. These values are what educators should be following with on-going observation and reflective practice. According to LLUK (no date) there is a set of standards called the New overarching professional standards for teachers, tutors and trainers in the lifelong learning sector. Furthermore, the standards categorised into sub-sections which have specific professional objectives and act as guidelines. It is these objectives which educators must abide to throughout teacher practice. According to LLUK (no date) there is a set of 7 professional values. An example would be, AS 1 all learners, their progress and development, their learning goals and aspirations and the experience they bring to their learning AS 2 Learning, its potential to benefit people emotionally, intellectually, socially and economically, and its contribution to community sustainability As mentioned, each point has a value and purpose. From just observing the set of values, purposely constructed for educators within the LLUK sector, they are powerful and strong. I believe there is a problem with the values that educators may not be able to abide to all of these due to several reasons. Firstly, funding, and that some institutes may suffer to deliver consistent values. Secondly, some of the values will have more demand than others. It can be argued that these values will vary according to the institute. It can be suggested that some institutions would decide to keep their dominant values. Additionally, the values set by the LLUK are and should be approached with underpinning knowledge and understanding and a professional practice. For example, referring to LLUK (No name), The knowledge and understanding: AK 1.1 What motivates learners to learn and the importance of learners experience and aspirations. Professional practice: AP 1.1 Encourage the development and progression of all learners through recognising, valuing and responding to individual motivation, experience and aspirations Darling-Hammond (1988) commented that the value of professionalism, in regards to educators, is fundamental and direction of excellence. The author states that educators need competence and that professionalism relates to three focuses which are preparation, knowledge of subject area, and defined pedagogy. Firstly, preparation, prepares the professional for the classroom which examines the language and cultural barriers. All educators face deterrents in the classroom that must be broken down by individualised techniques. Darling-Hammond (1988 pg. 59) related this to state, Decision making by well-trained professionals allows individual clients needs to be met more precisely andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦promotes continual refinement and improvement in overall practice It is to suggest that values of professionalism are to be approached correctly. This will encourage the educator to be prepared for the classroom. Furthermore, the values of professionalism exist for a reason. They will benefit the professional teacher in terms of motivating and encourage student participation. Alongside preparation, a professional educator with a strong knowledge of his/her subject area will create opportunities to be creative around the subject taught. As a result, Lesson planning and resource preparation time will be less because the educator will already understand the subject. This will reduce the time researching material. It is worth commenting that it would be an advantage to know a subject inside out and would reflect and portray confidence in his/her teaching. In addition, the educator should have a wealth of experience which would benefit his/her practice and enhance their teaching. According to Lunenburg and Ornstein (2000), developing such expertise and knowledge can take years to develop such knowledge. As a result of this, I believe that constant reading and information seeking is important to teaching a specialist subject. It would be beneficial that an educator has worked and gained enough experience within the industry in order for them to teach or become specialists in their profession. I also believe that this would improve and develop opportunities when it comes to being creative. It is helpful to outline the wider context within which FE practice and values of the professional educator. Notwithstanding, the tutor groups in FE who were not previously included in the FE (e.g. colleges 14-19 diplomas), colleges have become livelier places. Lecturers activities have now geared more to ensuring that students remain on courses and that students pass qualifications (Hyland and Merrill 2003 P.g. 86). To summarise, I would like to comment that professional values assist the educator and that they should be utilised at all times during his or her practice. Guile and Lucas (1999 P.g. 204) suggested that clarification in terms of describing the FE educator is needed. It is worth suggesting that society decides and determines professionalism and the values of professionalism within reason to how the educator should be. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the concept of professionalism as this relates to the current role of a teacher working in the PCET sector. (K1, K2) With regard to the concept of professionalism, Humphreys and Hyland (2002 P.g. 06) argued that, the concentration on performance in teaching and professional development is to be welcomed, provided that performance is not defined in purely technicist or instrumental terms In other words, there is a purpose for performance in teaching which should not be confused or misinterpreted. The criteria, the role and responsibilities of a teacher have and are becoming more and more centralised. The questionable scenario/point to highlight here is that of the educator and how they are to overcome this challenge. According to IFL, a Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) status is recognition for newly qualified teachers within PCET. This highlights the identity of teachers in post-compulsory education and training. All new teachers need to achieve a Level 3 teaching qualification. Following this, new teachers have five years to achieve a Level 5 teaching qualification which leads to the QTLS status. The QTLS status is recognition of the teaching qualification in order to teach within the PCET sector. In working towards a new profession, the IFL raises the importance for continuing professional development (CPD) which ensures that educators remain specialists in their chosen subject/s. According to Millerson (1964), there is conflict and discussion to how the teacher should carry out their professional role. This relates to the nature of professionalism. Millerson (1964) mentioned that professionalism concerned a lot of attention to sociologists in the 1950s. The main approach at the time focused on establishing the features that an occupation should have in order to be termed a profession. Within context, this questioned how professions such as medicine and law should be perceived. In contrast, Hanlon (1998) highlighted that there is research on professionalism. The author stated that people see professionalism in a profession. The author has highlighted the point that teaching is a profession and that the role of the teacher is professional. Critically evaluates a chosen aspect of quality assurance in PCET and relates this to the concept of professionalism. (K3) To critique quality assurance within PCET it would be appropriate to define quality assurance. To summarise, quality assurance is a system which prevents a lack of professionalism and through regular control standards and values can be maintained. This makes sure that the needs of the user/s are satisfied. The main purpose is to control assessment and also seeks to improve performance. In addition, quality assurance controls and helps to benchmark against existing qualitative and quantitative results/feedback. Professionalism and quality assurance are two complex areas which overlap and must work together. The two areas concerned are of high importance to the teacher, the course team and the college/Institution. The quality assurance process is closely linked with being a professional teacher and that the professional values should aim to assist and facilitate a direction. Being a professional teacher requires continuous professional development which is carried out by completing research within the specialist subject, faculty and institution. According to the LLUK (no date), student feedback is valuable. There are two types of feedback, formal and informal approaches. It is vital that the PCET teacher considers regular peer observations which will help to improve teaching skills. Observations can help to critique teaching styles/approaches within teaching. Through regular peer assessment and observation, the PCET teacher/tutor must demonstrate effective and appropriate organisational skills which should be evidenced through lesson planning. According to LLUK (No Date), The department and staff should be measured using a variety of ways which should include and involve statistical data such as attendance records, grades, percentages, student profiles, student surveys and lesson observations and more. This data can interpret and help to benchmark against information. This should assist the control and assessment of quality assurance as mentioned above. The institution has a reputation to uphold and a quality status to achieve through goals and action plans. It is part of the PCET teacher to ensure that constant contributions and efforts are made which are then measured through internal audits, college records, league tables and every child matters policies. Lastly, external bodies, as they help to mould the quality together. It could be stated that they are the back bone. External bodies such as, LLUK or Ofsted Inspectors signify what must be done. It is an essential part for guidance and that these external bodies are to help and improve the PCET teacher, college/institution and department. According to The University of Bath (2005) there would be a board or a quality assurance committee who would be responsible for the staff teaching. Internal and external examiners are also utilised to produce reports which help to evaluate and review the teacher, department and institute. All parts of the quality assurance system within PCET are vital to the mix of an overall quality performance. The chosen aspect for critical evaluation is observation. Reasoning for my decision is that there is plenty of research and information about the topic. Observations assist educators and institutions in terms of learning and teaching. It should be made clear for what purpose the observation has and will this benefit the teacher or the institution or both. Bains (2006) highlighted two main categories, formal and informal observations. These must be an agreed upon before it takes place. Bains (2006) stated that Formal observations are those for Performance Management e.g. Ofsted. Informal observations are those used for professional development. These take part of internal monitoring systems. Peer observations, for example, for informal feedback. The University of Sussex (no date) highlighted the importance of peer observation of teaching and that this enhances the status of teaching and learning and also strengthens quality assurance processes. The University of Exeter (2005) explained peer observations to be an assessment of teachers by teachers. Furthermore, pairings may be experienced by mentor/novice or experienced teacher. It could be argued that peer assessment can alternatively assess on various levels in terms of teaching experience. It is also questionable whether the observation criterion assesses appropriately against the observed teacher. The peer observation should help the teacher to develop teaching skills by carrying out observations with colleagues. It should be highlighted that the main objective is to provide opportunities for teachers to reflect on his or her teaching. The QAA (2000) stated that peer observation provides educators with opportunities to learn from each other in a non-threatening environment. This could suggest that teachers would share ideas constructively to his or her professional benefit and within relation to professional values. In summary, it can be argued that peer assessment is for the educators benefit. It is debatable how institutions guarantee that students learn effectively and consistently at all times throughout their education. Peer observations are to improve teaching practice which can be seen as beneficial to newly qualified teachers. It can be commented that peer assessment assists less experienced teachers to improve their teaching skills. Pagani (2002) commented that educators should have the freedom to choose peer assessor/observers. This approach could be argued as vague due to various reasoning behind fairness, equality and also being critical. In agreement, Pagani (2002) stated that institutions should identify an area of focus for peer observation. In summary, peer observations are useful and appropriate. There is some overlap and a lack of decisiveness to a concrete definition of observation. Furthermore, peer observations need to be carefully planned on the grounds of professionalism. I believe that peer observation should not be considered as an informal practice. It would be fair to comment that it is a formal in-house procedure which adopts formal guidelines. In agreement, Partington and Brown (1997) identified that peer review is an essential process for reviewing ideas and identifies where mistakes could occur if action is not followed through carefully. It can be commented that this improves the quality of a product/service. The authors argued that it is an opportunity to criticise and that it is an aspect of building ones confidence and teaching. Using relevant models of reflective practice to critically analyse learning on the Course The course, for me, has been beneficial and an enjoyable experience. It is time to reflect on my teaching practice. There have been some difficult stages which I have highlighted and times where improvement and action have been considered. According to Brookfield (1988) critical thinking is a process on recent experience with a past experience and should create an area or topic for discussion. Brookfield (1988) mentioned that critical reflection should include differences and or any relationships which can be highlighted. The aim of critical reflection is to develop critical thinking skills which will determine specific and realistic outcomes. On many occasions throughout the course I have reflected and it would be difficult to reflect on the whole course due to such varied topics and vast complexity of discussion. Hatton and Smith (1995) designed a critical reflection model which identified a framework for writing and identifying different kinds of reflection. The model will be used to help assist with my critical reflective practice. The framework will also determine stages within my teaching practice where I believe it is worth discussing. The first point of the model is descriptive and aims to create a starting point. To the attention of past reflections and practice it is a wise and an appropriate decision to reflect upon the micro-teach (pttls). The micro-teach was carried out within the early stages of my teaching practice. This was my starting point for teaching and reflecting. The second point will highlight descriptive reflections which attempts to provide reasons based upon personal judgment. I realised that an active approach to my hospitality students was required and that the VAKs strategies improved my lesson planning and time management. Gradually, as the course continued, lesson planning developed to become more structured and defined in terms of my aims and objectives. Throughout my reflective practice, to my attention, a number of students did not respond to how my lessons were planned. Thinking about this, this was down to the level of functional skills applied to the level delivered. To my attention, I needed to improve my skills on delivery. I needed to understand how I should apply them appropriately and effectively in lessons. The forth action point within the model must relate to a broader historical, social and/or political context and what better than my experience and knowledge gained throughout the independent study of the curriculum module. The study helped to generate some valuable points on social, political, economical and technological factors within context to my teaching practice. Brookfield (2001) described critical reflection to be a systematic effort which identified and discovered material. Brookfield (2001) developed the four lenses model which helped to analyse and assist teaching practices. The four lenses are our own experiences as learners, students, colleagues, and reading the professional literature. These help to reveal the assumptions behind those practices and call them into question. The model of reflection will help to analyse my teaching practice within the points identified above. My micro-teach was an experience and made me feel nervous and apprehensive as I have never taught before in my life. Due to my nerves, I wanted to make sure that I was delivering correct and appropriate information. I researched around my chosen topic which reassured my teaching delivery. I also found that this became useful when I was using the question and answer technique. I found that I was applying teaching techniques and strategies that I had learnt in the first few weeks of the course. Having applied these teaching strategies they helped boost my confidence. The question and answer technique was adopted to assist my delivery. I believe that this engaged my learners. I applied the VAKs strategies to help all learners. The students engaged well to my micro-teach and I now believe that I need to consider an active learning approach as I teach hospitality students. I personally found that the micro-teach went smooth considering it was my first time. Having now reflected, I think that more literature could have been used to support other learners. To summarise, the micro-teach was certainly a stepping stone towards becoming a successful teacher within the PCET sector. I found this a leap forwards and was extremely beneficial before going to my placement. After Christmas I personally felt under a lot of pressure as I was accumulating my teaching hours as well as working towards my assignments. Most of my lesson reflections identified that my teaching technique and style was too relaxed. Some of my students started to misbehave and use this to their advantage in class. I realised, after many lessons and observations that I needed to deliver my lessons with an active approach which would then control and manage my class. As a teacher trainee, I found that I was spending a lot of time on my lesson plans. They were not seeking the best out of students. I revisited my approach and consulted my mentor who kindly assisted my lesson planning. I found that this helped tremendously in writing and structuring my lessons. I found myself researching around activities and being creative when it comes to teaching. I researched and functional skills which closely linked with my VAKs and as result, I eventually found that students were learning effectively through their preferred methods of learning and my classroom management skills improved. About half way through the course there were several issues regarding my lesson planning. My mentor assisted me to improve my aims and objectives. I needed to make sure that my aims and objectives were measurable and considered direction towards my classroom approach and student benefit. As a teacher trainee, I feel that lesson planning is something that can only come in time. In fact, I realised that I needed to make sure I can plan a lesson now to ensure that I can deliver a lesson. My mentor and other colleagues supported me by letting me look at their lesson plans. My mentor and I agreed that I would submit my lesson plans before delivery. This helped me to understand and or rethink my aims and objectives. My lessons improved by being realistic about the aims and objectives and, as a result, improved student learning and teaching skills. The course has certainly been a learning curve. One of the most challenging reports was the curriculum assignment. I personally found that the report involved a lot of reading around political, economical, sociological and technological topics. The curriculum models were difficult to understand so I tried to refer to them in a realistic context at my placement. My mentor was supportive and guided me through some of the curriculum models. From past reflections, I think that curriculum models and understanding them are vital towards delivering specific courses such as the BTEC national diploma course. This is a course I was helping to deliver. This helped me to understand how I should approach my delivery. Make a critical comment on the value of reflective practice in the development of professional teachers. (K4, A2, A3) It would be appropriate to explain and define reflection before making assumptions and critical comments. Reflection is an everyday sense which assists and looks back on past experiences. Osterman and Kottkamp (1993) stated that critical reflection is known as a vehicle. This is used by educators to evaluate and analyse experiences within a classroom environment. Brookfield (1995) mentioned that critical reflective practice is a process which is used to analyse experiences. For example, curriculum development or theories. It can be stated that reflection is a process which analyses a point or action. In addition, critical analysis could be used to understand why a point or action is how it is. Within reason, critical reflection will be used. As a metaphor, the reflective practice could be the foundations of a house. The purpose of reflection is clear. Consequently, reflection does not indicate who, what, where, how and or why practitioners should carry out reflections and that it is left to the educator. This leads on to the work of Brookfield (1995) and stated that critical reflection can be broken into a number of dimensions which address or at least suggest a route for reflecting. 1. Descriptive 2. Descriptive with some reflection 3. Dialogic reflection 4. Critical reflection Reflective practice, according to Brookfield (1995), stated that practitioners can develop self-awareness if they evaluate their performance/s on an on-going basis. The author stated that teaching practice can be improved by focussing on the experiences and activities used. Within agreement, reflective practice is meaningful and it improves skills and knowledge. It can be argued that time and patience is an issue and not to forget how experienced the practitioner/educator is. I mean that reflective practice could prove more meaningful for a trainee teacher than an experienced teacher of over 10-20 years. There are many angles which could be argued and that reflective practice improves over time and not over night. Hatton and Smith (1995) agreed that self-awareness is meaningful when we want to improve teaching practice. Various teaching methods and skills allow the professional to consider alternative avenues. This would have a positive impact on their teaching by increasing their level of self-awareness. It can be argued that teaching practice and professionalism can only be developed in time. In addition, personal experiences and the experiences of colleagues should create an environment that enhances student learning. This suggests that the experienced practitioner is valuable and they should help trainee teachers to improve their teaching. As a result, the student, department and institution will benefit. Bruner (1990) highlighted that critical reflective practice is an ongoing process which enriches curriculum. I would agree that educators strive to be effective and students want to be creative. This suggests that curriculum should reflect both parties concerned. There seems to be contrast and overlap to authors opinions on reflection and being critical. It is to suggest that all practitioners have aims and objectives which determine enhance teaching practices and students performances. Curriculum awareness is highlighted and reflective practice should aim to achieve and improve the educator in terms of the teaching practice, students grades, the college league boards and attendance and reputation. Bruner (1990) would recommend that teachers engage in critical conversations with colleagues which would enhance and determine educational philosophies, instructions, and responsibilities to students growth. To summarise, it can be commented that a practitioner should reflect on their experiences. Reflective practice would eventually re-shape his or her teaching practice. It should be expressed that reflection is wise and is compulsory towards becoming and or achieving higher standards of teaching practice for the practitioner, the students and the institute. In addition, I believe that the professional teacher/educator should consider and value students comments. This would engage the students more and would assist the practitioner to understand the students better. Reflective practice develops professionals and enables us to learn from our own experiences. Although, I would argue that more experience does not guarantee improved learning. In addition, I dont believe that twenty years of teaching is twenty years of learning about teaching. It may also be the case that one year repeats over twenty times with no reflections made. I would consider this as poor teaching. It is worth commenting that reflections are honest and effective which should, in time, improve teaching skills. From reading, it has drawn to my attention that additional research is required around critical reflective practice. A review for appropriate opportunities within my personal professional development and to discuss my acquisition of skills in relation to professional development. (A1, A3) ATL (Association of Teachers and Lecturers) (2009) mentioned that since September 2007, all educators within the further education and skills sector in England came under new regulations which revised teaching qualifications. Continuous professional development (CPD) for all teachers are now required and is requested by the Institute for Learning (IfL). To gain and create opportunities within PPD and CPD action will be considered. First of all, up to this date, a review of my skills will be summarised which will help and assist the development opportunities. As part of the PPD and CPD, IFL membership is required in order to complete the CPD. Depending on a job after the course, full-time teachers should undertake at least 30 hours of CPD per year for professional development. CPD is a condition of retaining the IFL membership and aims to improve teaching skills. IFL made CPD compulsory for newly qualified teachers and permits them to teach within FE colleges. Examples of informal CPD might be to work shadowing, peer observation, attendance at subject-specific conferences, reading journal articles, or gathering up-to-date information on new curricula and or helping on qualifications such as 14-19 diplomas. A skills audit was completed for WBE 1 file which identified various weaknesses which could potentially be made into positive outcomes. In addition, WBE 1 and WBE 2 files were compared using the reflective practice gained throughout the course. The skills audit identified some weaknesses and also strengths. One of the main highlighted weaknesses was maths/numeric skills and that consideration would be focussed to embed these into lessons. This was a smart target objective to accomplish before finishing the course. Secondly, writing and literacy skills and was more closely related to proof reading documents before submission. On the other hand, the audit highlighted that IT and communication skills were high and that confidence developed. Action was considered using smart objectives which were defined to achieve in a step by step process however I still feel discomfort w