Method For Characterisation Of Laser Beams Engineering Essay

Particularly in the field of optical maser direct authorship lithography it is necessary to derive exact cognition about the form and features of the used optical maser beam, whilst a homogenous power distribution is an indispensable parametric quantity for qualitatively good and consistent consequences in surface structuring. Several â€Å" classical † methods in word picture of optical maser beams are already applied, such as: Knife border method Slit method Pinhole method CCD camera method These techniques will be shortly explained in subdivision 2. In fact, a optical maser beam ( â€Å" standard TEM00 † ) fades bit by bit, due to its Gaussian profile ( Figure 1 ) . Therefore it is necessary to find what is known as the Centre of the beam. Chapple [ 1 ] describes the strength profile I ( x, y ) as follows: where ten and Y are the cross Cartesian co-ordinates of any point, x0 and y0 mark the Centre of the beam and R is the 1/e2 radius. This definition is frequently used in theory. McCally [ 2 ] defines the Gaussian distribution of the strength I ( x, y ) by agencies of the beam radius R belonging to the 1/e irradiance shown in Figure 1 ( left ) . The emitted power of the optical maser beginning can be determined by incorporating the irradiance ( I ) , severally the optical strength I ( x, y ) , over the affected cross sectional country A:2. Techniques of beam profilingKnife border method To derive information about the power distribution across a cross sectional plane of a optical maser beam, the use of the knife border method is the most simple attack. Thereby, a crisp edged home base, e.g. a razor blade, is ab initio covering the whole optical maser beam in forepart of a power metre for continues wave radiation or an energy metre for pulse operation. By precise line wise supplanting of the knife border mounted on a additive motion phase, more and more optical maser radiation reaches the detector unit, until the whole beam is covering the feeling country. Figure 1 ( right ) shows the consequence of this measurement process: Due to the motion of the knife edge the value of the detected power additions steadily. The derived function of this power map P ( x, Y ) yields the two dimensional Gaussian profile of the power distribution across the optical maser beam ( Figure 1, left ) . Slit method A 2nd possibility to find the power distribution within a optical maser beam is similar to the knife border method: Alternatively of a crisp edged home base, a really narrow slit is step by step moved across the optical maser beam. As a stipulation for valid measurings the gap of the slit has to be smaller than the diameter of the considered beam is. Typically this gap is in the scope of some micrometers. Drawbacks of â€Å" traditional methods † The knife edge- every bit good as the slit method offer merely a limited measure of beam features: local â€Å" hot-spots † , i.e. countries of superior power, are undetectable due to the incorporating measurement rule. However this method is suited for speedy measurings to find the diameter and the class strength profile of the considered optical maser beam. Pinhole method This method measures the strength of irradiance through a really little hole in a home base ( pinhole ) confronting the optical maser beam. The strength of light go throughing through this pinhole is instead low, so that a photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) has to be used to observe the irradiance. Due to the feature of a PMT, e.g. its comparatively low signal to resound ration ( SNR ) , the collected informations are corrugated. However the strength distribution can be achieved within a local declaration of about 3micron by using a Gaussian tantrum. Therefore by transversal scanning across a optical maser beam, a high declaration image of the power distribution within the beam can be gained. Hot musca volitanss are noticeable and more elaborate characteristics can be located. CCD Camera method Differing from the scanning methods described above, the use of CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) cameras for the review of optical maser musca volitanss will give a really speedy feeling of the power distribution within the beam by merely a â€Å" individual shooting † . The quality of the image, e.g. the declaration, is straight depending on size and figure of pels on the CCD-Sensor-chip. Typically the pel size is in the scope of 6 microns2, linked to a entire figure of pels in the scope of 1 to 2 mega pels. By utilizing this method it must be noted, that dust and other drosss on the CCD bit can ensue in image deformation and/or misinterpretable beam characteristics. Furthermore, attention must be taken non to destruct the CCD bit by the incident optical maser beam.3. Beam word picture by agencies of optical fibers tipsTo get the better of the limited declaration of the CCD- and pinhole method, severally, a new strength profile measuring technique has been developed. Similar to the pinhole method described above, an optical fiber tip with an aperture of a few 100 nanometer is applied to roll up light by scanning across a optical maser beam transversely. A photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) attached at the out-coupling terminal of the fiber detects the gathered visible radiation during the scanning procedure so that a two-dimensional image of the strength distribution can be evaluated. By altering the sidelong place of the fibre tip, multiple cross sectional planes can be scanned, taking to a three-dimensional image of the strength distribution e.g. within a focussed optical maser beam.3.1 Near-field matching into the optical fiberâ€Å" Classical † attacks to picture the incoupling of visible radiation into the fibre tip fail, due to the really little gap of the fibre tip ( aperture ) , in the scope of some hundred nanometers, which is considerable smaller than the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation within the focal point. Due to this really little gap, one can speak about the so called â€Å" close field † To derive information arising from the close field and to transport this information into the far field, it is necessary to transform the evanescent Fieldss into propagating Fieldss. This could be done by seting a Centre of dispersing, in this instance the really narrow tip, into the close field. Thereby dipole- oscillations are generated at the boundary of this tip by agencies of the evanescent field ( Figure 2 ) . With: I µ0= vacuity permittivity ; =unit vector ; = wave vector: 2/ I » ; I†°= angular frequence of the oscillation and utilizing the dipole-moment: With: a=diameter of the gap ; I µr=relative permittivity The undermentioned footings for the far field ( R & lt ; & lt ; I »/2 ) and the close field ( R & gt ; & gt ; I »/2 ) can be derived, and one gets not-propagating every bit good as propagating field constituents: Respectively: The propagating field is straight linked to the close field and can be detected afar. The simulation of the electrical field generated by a plane moving ridge of 1 V/m, heading to a fibre tip, is shown in Fig 3. Based on an optical power of 10mW dispersed on an country of 1 square micrometer, ( which is a instead large country ) , one get by utilizing: with: I= Optical Intensity ; S=Pointing vector ; v=velocity ; E0=electrical field ; D0= electric initiation denseness ; n= index of refraction ( here air: 1.0 ) ; I µ0= vacuity permittivity ( rounded: 10-11 F/m ) = 1010 V/m It has to be noted that the field within the tip is exponentially diminishing ( refer to formula N ) and by this merely a really little portion of the generated electrical field, in this illustration 5*1010 V/m straight at the tip, can be detected at the out matching terminal of the fiber by the PMT.3.2 ApparatusThe PI P-854.00 piezoelectric actuator used in this apparatus has a displacement scope of 25A µm for all right placement and can besides be pre-positioned by a micrometer-screw more approximately. The sensing of gathered visible radiation is done by a Hamamatsu H5784 type photomultiplier tubing ( PMT ) with an E5776 FC type adapter attached ( Figure 4 ) A fibre holder mounted to the piezoelectric actuator is used to take and protect the optical fiber tip during the scanning procedure. After elaboration ( x10 by transimpedance amplifier phase ) and filtering of the gathered strength informations it is converted into digital informations by agencies of a National Instruments 6025e PCI interface card.3.3 Fibre tip productionFor this application the optical fiber type used to bring forth the tips is a individual manner fiber manufactured by Newport. Its cut-off wavelength is optimised for the usage of optical masers in the wavelength scope of 400nm -500nm. There are two possibilities to develop the conelike tip of an optical fiber harmonizing to the petitions of a Scaning close field optical lithography ( SNOL ) – fibre tip: The optical fiber tip can be realised by: Pulling methods Chemical etching During the pulling process the optical fiber is preloaded before it is heated up locally with a CO2-laser or a heating-film and forced to run. As the thaw procedure begins, the puller stretches the optical fiber with extra force apart, so that the fiber is tapert first and eventually cryings itself bring forthing two tips. The belongingss of the optical fiber tips produced this manner vary on the different parametric quantities of the puller – as for illustration the drawing force. Normally, all pulled SNOL-tips show a really thin geometry ( e.g. Figure 4, left ) . This is particularly disadvantageous for the considered application, because this thin construction tends to flex and hover. More stiff fibers, which have tips with higher cone angle, are more suited Furthermore, these fibers tips feature a really little transmittal of 10-5 to 10-6 due to the long form of the tip, in which the visible radiation is evanescent ( exponentially diminishing ) . Larger cone angles and correspondingly a higher transmittal up to 10-2 is reached by engraved SNOL- fiber tips as used in this work. Several etching methods exist to bring forth fibre tips. The process used here is the so called â€Å" tube-etching † . After cleansing of the optical fiber by agencies of ethyl alcohol, the fiber is immersed into hydrofluoric acid. ( Figure 5 ) The undermentioned chemical reactions take topographic point to the Si contained in the fiber – and/or with the Ge at doped fibers: Tube-Etching is a farther development of the standard etching-method, invented by Turner in 1984, published by Stoeckel et Al. and Lambelet et Al. [ 4, 5, 6 ] This process improves the production of well smoother tip surfaces. At the tube-Etching process the coating of the optical fiber is non removed before the etching procedure. Due to gravity drawn debasement of the glass merchandises, a concentration incline arises in the hydrofluoric acid, which causes convection. The convection carries the hydrofluoric acid into the upper zone of the tip that develops therefore conically. To forestall corrosion by hydrofluoric acid exhausts at the upper parts the fiber, a light mineral oil was used as a dissolver to gain a separate stage above the hydrofluoric acid. The temperature during the production of the tips corresponded to room temperature. By completion of the tube-etching procedure the coating of the optical fiber is removed by dichlorine methane and the tip can be metallized, go forthing a little aperture.4. ConsequencesA trial rig has been build utilizing optical fiber tips for automized three-dimensional strength profile scanning ( Figure 3 ) . With this it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within optical maser beams. Due to the little aperture of the fiber tip even really little focal parts can be profiled with high local declaration. Corresponding package was developed to command the traveling x-y phase, every bit good as the omega actuator automatically utilizing LabviewA © . Therefore, it is possible to scan acro ss the optical maser beam tomographically, while roll uping strength informations. The information can either be displayed or visualised by agencies of the scanning package itself. Using a new developed package based on OpenGlA © , the strength informations can be displayed in a 3 dimensional image ( Figure 7 ) with the chance to revolve the way of position in all grades of freedom. Furthermore, different mathematical filters can be applied to better image quality. By scanning more transverse sectional planes, individual pieces can be shown in an â€Å" overlayed † manner, to detect the focal point â€Å" traveling † due to the sidelong alteration of the fibre tip ( Figure 8 )3. DecisionA fresh method for high deciding beam word picture particularly for little aperture optical masers has been described. With this automized 3- dimensional series scanning method it is possible to derive information about the spacial power distribution within a optical maser topographic point.4. Figures / ArtworkFigure 1: [ left ] Theoretical power distribution within a TEM 00 optical maser beam can be described by a Gaussian profile [ right ] Integrated optical maser power measured with the knife border method as a map of the cross sectional co-ordinate ten. Figure 2: [ left ] E-field in the close field of the tip when illuminated by plane moving ridge with field strength of 1 V/m, polarised along the axes of the tip [ right ] Cross-sectional position of an optical fiber tip with an cone angle † I? † and an radius from the aperture rim † R † .The associated electric field lines are plotted in logarithmic mode [ 3 ] Figure 3: Principle and image of the apparatus for high deciding optical maser beam profiling Figure 4: Comparison of a fibre tip produced by the drawing method [ left ] and a fibre tip produced by etching [ right ] Figure 5: Conventional representation of the aˆztube- etching method † Figure 6: [ left ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 60min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" B † ) [ right ] Fibre tip generated by the etching method after 120min etching clip ( delight mention to Figure 4 â€Å" degree Celsiuss † ) Figure 7: Beam profile of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( declaration: 150nm ) Figure 8: [ left ] 12- measure sidelong scan through a ( TEM00 ) optical maser focal point of a DVD optical pickup unit ( OPU ) gained with the fiber tip based system ( cross position ) [ right ] ( sidelong position )5 Literatures:[ 1 ] Chapple, P.B. , ( 1994 ) , Beam waist and M2 measuring utilizing a finite slit, Opt. Eng. , 33, 2461-2466 [ 2 ] McCally, R.L. , ( 1984 ) Measurement of Gaussian beam parametric quantities, Appl. Opt. , 23, 2227 [ 3 ] Drezet, A. , Nasse, M.J. , Huant, S. , Woehl, J.C. , ( 2004 ) , The optical near-field of an aperture tip ; Europhys. Lett. , 66 ( 1 ) , 41-47 [ 4 ] Stockle, R. , Fokas, C. , Deckert, V. , Zenobi, R. , Sick, B. , Hecht, B. , Wild, U.P. , ( 1999 ) , High quality near field optical investigations by tubing etching, Applied Physics Letters, 75 ( 2 ) , 160-2 [ 5 ] Lambelet, P. , Sayah, A. , Pfeffer, M. , Philipona, C. , Marquis Weible, F. , ( 1998 ) , Chemically etched fiber tips for close field optical microscopy: a procedure for smoother tips, Applied Optics, 37 ( 31 ) , 7289-7292 [ 6 ] Suh, Y. , Zenobi, R. , ( 2000 ) , Improved Probes for Scaning Near Field Optical Microscopy, Advanced Materials, 12 ( 15 ) , 1139-1142 6.0 Keywords: Near field, far field, optical maser beam, focal point, focal plane, fibre tip, pinhole, knife border7.0 Terminology:I= Intensity [ W/m ] P=Power [ W ] A=Area [ m^2 ] I »=Wavelength [ m ] E=Energy [ W/s ] I µ= Vacuum permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] I µr=Relative permittivity [ A2A ·s4A ·kg-1A ·m-3 ] =Unit vector =Wave vector: 2/ I » t=Time [ s ] I†°= Angular frequence of the oscillation [ s-1 ] =Dipole-moment [ AA ·m2 ] a=Diameter of the gap [ m ]

Land Law – Proprietary Estoppel

Proprietary estoppel protects a person who has a non contractual agreement over land but they have suffered a detriment due to them acting upon a reliance based on an assurance made by the claimant. There has been much discussion in recent case law and academic commentaries as to the elements which make up the nature of proprietary estoppel. Unconscionaibility is a major point for discussion in deciding whether it should be treated as a separate element or if it is linked into the three main elements.This essay will consider and discuss the nature of proprietary estoppel and the two views on unconscionaibility; whether there will always be unconscionaibility if there has been a non-performance of an assurance causing the claimant to suffer a detriment based on the assurance which they relied on or if unconscionaibility should be proven as a separate element in each case.The starting point of proprietary estoppel was in the case of Willmott v Barber (1880) where five criteria were lai d down, which had to be satisfied by a person claiming proprietary estoppel and the courts applied these criteria to a wide range of proprietary estoppel claims.However these criteria were criticised for being too strict leading to the broader approach established in Taylor Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Trustees Co Ltd (1982) where Oliver J stated: ‘whether, in particular individual circumstances, it would be unconscionable for a party to be permitted to deny that which, knowingly or unknowingly, he has allowed or encouraged another to assume to his detriment’. Although the approach became broader there still remained essential elements which must be satisfied for a successful claim.The more modern approach towards proprietary estoppel is based on three main elements, firstly an assurance of land or property being made to the claimant, the claimant relying on the assurance which has been made and finally the claimant suffering a detriment as a consequence of relying on the a ssurance made. The main point for discussion and questioning in proprietary estoppel is the role of unconscionaibility and whether it should be treated as a fourth element which too must be satisfied in order for a claim to be successful or if unconscionaibility is interlinked with the other elements of proprietary estoppel.Proprietary estoppel acts as ‘a sword and a shield’ and can be used in one of two ways. ‘Put positively, the reason why it is possible to use proprietary estoppel to generate a property interest in a favour of a claimant despite the absence of the normal formality rules is because of the need to prevent unconscionable conduct. This is why unconscionaibility is the foundation of estoppel. It is the antidote to the otherwise fatal absence of formality. ’ This is one of the views on unconscionaibility which suggest that unconscionaibility is at the heart of proprietary estoppel rather than a separate element of it.The first element of propr ietary estoppel is encouragement where the claimant’s belief that they would have some rights over land or property has been encouraged by the promisor and this could have been done actively or passively. Active encouragement is seen in common expectation cases where the claimant has been actively persuaded through an express representation as in Inwards v Baker (1965) where a son was actively encouraged to build on his fathers land in the expectation that it would be his in the future.Common expectation cases are dealt with more generously by judges, compared to passive cases, as the promisor has lead the claimant to have a reasonable belief that they would acquire the land therefore leading them to rely upon that assurance causing them to suffer a detriment. It would be seen as unconscionable in a common expectation case for the claimant to have been encouraged to suffer a detriment for the promisor to then go back on their assurance, meaning that unconscionaibility is inst antly a running theme in the elements as it can be seen at the first instance and should therefore not be treated as a separate element.The encouragement could also be passive, for example a land owner standing by watching someone build on their land knowing that somebody is acting under a mistaken belief. The nature of a passive expectation made to the claimant can be distinguished in commercial and domestic cases as was seen in Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd (2008) where the House of Lords established that the expectation of an interest in land should not be vague in a commercial situation.The expectation should be for ‘a certain interest in land’ for proprietary estoppel purposes which was not the expectation held by Cobbe therefore the expectation was held to be too vague. Lord Scott stated ‘Unconscionaibility in my opinion plays a very important part in the doctrine of equitable estoppel, in unifying and confirming, as it were, the other elements. If the other elements appear to be present but the result does not shock the conscience of the court, the analysis needs to be looked at again. This statement shows how case law endorses the unconscionaibility approach as being interlinked with the other elements of proprietary estoppel however if all of the elements are not satisfied there can not be a claim for proprietary estoppel as is the case here. In domestic (family) cases, the nature of the expectation doesn’t have to be so specific as long as there is an interest or right in land that would amount to a significant expectation. The assurance made must be clear enough so that claimant is found to have relied upon.Lord Walker stated in the case of Thorner v Major (2009) â€Å"There is no definition of proprietary estoppel that is both comprehensive and uncontroversial†¦the doctrine is based on three main elements, although they express them in slightly different terms: a representation or assurance made to the c laimant; reliance on it by the claimant; reliance on it by the claimant; and detriment to the claimant in consequence of his (reasonable) reliance† One view on unconscionaibility stated that ‘Once there has been detrimental reliance on an assurance, it is unconscionable to withdraw it’ therefore if it cannot be proven that an assurance existed then it wont be unconscionable for it to be withdrawn showing that unconscionaibility is a running theme within proprietary estoppel rather than a separate element. One difficulty in deciding these kinds of cases is that although an assurance has been made to the claimant in the way of a will, the claimant is also aware that the will could be revoked at any time therefore the question to be asked is whether their reliance based on the assurance was adequate. The second element of proprietary estoppel is reliance where the claimant must have been encouraged to rely on the promisor’s assurance which has caused them to s uffer a detrimental loss by changing their position and there must be a sufficient causal link between this in that the encouragement must have caused the detriment suffered.Reliance can not be treated as an element alone it has to have caused a change in the position of the claimant, if no detriment has been suffered then there can be no claim for proprietary estoppel. There are several ways in which the courts can show how the claimant was influenced to rely on the encouragement; firstly is by clearly showing that there has been a change in position by the claimants positive act, for example the claimant spending money on the land or making property improvements based on the assurance that it will become theirs, causing them to suffer a detriment. Where the claimant has acted in a way different to what he would had the assurance not been made nd relied on this can also show how the encouragement has influenced the reliance causing a detriment as in Jones (AE) v Jones (FW) (1977) w here a son acted on the assurance of property becoming his left his job and house to live with his father, however had the assurance not had been made he would not have done this leading to the detriment that he suffered. There can be a presumption made that the claimant relied on the assurances given to them based on there conduct and in these cases the burden is put onto the other party to prove that the claimant did not rely on the promises made and this is hard to prove as it is a subjective matter based on the claimants state of mind. This was the case in Greasley v Cooke (1980) where the defendant did not have to prove that she relied on assurances as it was presumed from her conduct.The final element of proprietary estoppel is that the person must have suffered a detriment due to the reliance on the assurance which has caused a change in their position. The detriment suffered can be in many forms not just that of financial detriment although it must be substantial in making i t unconscionable for the land owner to withdraw their promise of land to the claimant. Walton v Walton (1994) shows where financial detriment wasn’t the main detriment suffered, the claimant had suffered a personal detriment as he had spent years of his life relying on the assurance made to him that the farm would one day be his, and he couldn’t get those years of his life back. Public policy in formalities of contracts plays a major part in the deciding claims for proprietary estoppel.Section 2 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Previsions) Act 1989 states that (1) A contract for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land can only be made in writing and only by incorporating all the terms which the parties have expressly agreed in one document, or where contracts are exchanged, in each. This act stops informalities in land transfers where a claimant would be expected to sign up a contract but hasn’t done so, as in Cobbe, and this is where they would turn to proprietary estoppel to try and show that the detriment which they have suffered is due to the unconsionability of the removal of the assurance which they had originally relied on. Proprietary estoppel acts as a way around formalities and a form of protection for those who have not followed contractual formalities in the transfer of land.Why should people be able to use proprietary estoppel to make a claim for land where they have followed formalities and drawn up a contract as in Cobbe, it can be seen that it is not unconscionable for the promisor to withdraw as there is no contractual agreement. However in domestic cases where there wouldn’t always be an expectation of a legal contract to be drawn up proprietary estoppel can stop unfair decisions being made due to the lack of formalities where it would be unconscionable for the defendant to suffer a detriment due to an assurance on which they have relied. There are clearly two competing arguments against proprietary esto ppel, the first being that ‘once there has been detrimental reliance on an assurance, it is unconscionable to withdraw it. Indicating that unconscionaibility is a function of the three elements. If unconscionaibility was seen as a separate element then it would be pointless in having formalities as it wouldn’t matter whether it was unconscionable or not as long as the other elements had been satisfied. The second view on unconscionaibility is that of it being a separate fourth element and in some circumstance this can be seen as being successful for example in commercial cases where the first three elements of proprietary estoppel have been established but it would be unconscionable for the claimant to benefit due to the lack of formalities and contractual agreement.Therefore although in some cases unconscionaibility being treated as a separate element is beneficial in some circumstances, it should be treated as function of assurance, reliance and detriment as a withdra wal of the assumption in most cases is unconscionable. Bibliography Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) Diane Chappelle, Land Law, (8th edn. Pearson Longman, London 2008) Martin Dixon â€Å"Proprietary Estoppel and Formalities in Land Law and the Land Registration Act 2002: A Theory of Unconscionaibility† (2003) 2 Modern Studies in Property Law ——————————————– [ 1 ].Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 323 [ 2 ]. Willmott v Barber (1880) 15 Ch. D. 96 [ 3 ]. Taylors Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Victoria Trustees Co. Ltd (1982) QB 133 [ 4 ]. Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 328 [ 5 ]. Nigel Gravells, Land Law: Text and materials, (4 th edn. Sweet and Maxwell, London 2010) 589 [ 6 ]. Martin Dixon â€Å"Proprietary Estoppel and Formalities in Land Law and the Land Registration Act 2002: A Theory of Unconscionaibility† (2003) 2 Modern Studies in Property Law, 177 [ 7 ]. Inwards v Baker (1965) 2 QB 29 [ 8 ].Diane Chappelle, Land Law, (8th edn. Pearson Longman, London 2008) 87 [ 9 ]. Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd (2008) 1 WLR 1752 [ 10 ]. Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 330 [ 11 ]. Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 343 [ 12 ]. Thorner v Major (2009) 1 WLR 776 [ 13 ]. Diane Chappelle, Land Law, (8th edn. Pearson Longman, London 2008) 90 [ 14 ]. Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 338 [ 15 ].Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 338 [ 16 ]. Roger Sexton and Barbara Bogosz, Complete Land Law: text, cases and materials, (2nd edn. Oxford University Press 2011) 338 [ 17 ]. Greasley v Cooke (1980) 1 WLR 1306 [ 18 ]. Diane Chappelle, Land Law, (8th edn. Pearson Longman, London 2008) 89 [ 19 ]. Law of Property (Miscellaneous Previsions) Act 1989 (s. 2) (1) [ 20 ]. Diane Chappelle, Land Law, (8th edn. Pearson Longman, London 2008) 89 [ 21 ]. Martin Dixon â€Å"Proprietary Estoppel and Formalities in Land Law and the Land Registration Act 2002: A Theory of Unconscionaibility† (2003) 2 Modern Studies in Property Law, 179

Politics and Power in Today’s Corporate World Essay

Politics and Power in Today’s Corporate World An effective organization focuses on strong leadership, power and political issues. These components are critical to creating an organization mindful of values, ethics, culture and innovation. Analyzing the use of power and politics are essential to understanding the behavior of individuals within organizations. There are two sides to power and politics. In one respect power and politics imply the shady side of leadership. However, power and politics can be positive tools that managers use to accomplish tasks. This paper defines power and politics and examines how one can be used to influence the other in a positive way, thus resulting in gain, and in a negative, corruptive way, which†¦show more content†¦This is legitimate power. It represents the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. Process power is the control over methods of production and analysis. Many organizations need a process specialist to ensure pr oduction is accomplished effectively and efficiently. The source for information power is based on the access and control of information or the â€Å"right to know.† Not everyone is the organization will be privy to the inner workings of the company. Representative power is conferred on an individual when he or she has the formal right to speak as a representative of the organization. An individual’s personal power is based on expert, rational persuasion, and reference bases. (Schermerhorn, et al., 2003). Expert power is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill or knowledge. A physician has the expertise and hence the expert powers to convince a person to follow the advice he or she might give. Rational persuasion involves showing the desired outcome and how specific actions will achieve the outcome. Reference power base is identified with a person who has desirable resource or personal traits. Referent power develops out of admiration of another and a desire to like that person. The analysis of power is to understanding the behavior of individuals within an organization. Power has two sides; one is negative when power is used inappropriatelyShow MoreRelatedClass Domination Theory Of Power1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe power elite is able to exert power over society. The power elite’s control over politics demonstrates how inequality is functional. This validates the class-domination theory of power, which is distributed based on economic power. By controlling economic resources, the power elites political influence in government shapes law and those involved in government to the power elites benefit. In today’s American society these laws have impacted both the corporate community and the elite. 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According to Jeffrey Milyo author of Corporate Influence and Political Corruption, a nationally representative opinion survey done in 2008 states that, â€Å"a little more than 50 percent of respondents agreed that corruption in the federal government is widespread and an extremely serious concern, while fewer than five percent considered corruption in the federal government to be rare or not a concern† (Konisky, MilyoRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Dangers Of Power Through A Totalitarian Government1186 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story. While writing 1984, George Orwell strongly displayed the theme of the dangers of power through a totalitarian government. Not only were Orwell’s ideas of corruption in an all-powerful government portrayed in his novel, 1984, but comparisons can be made with the story’s points of a spying authority, keeping the lower class ignorant, and an unscrupulous corporate influence with America’s power-heads today. Big Brother could be considered the main antagonist of George Orwell’s 1984.Read MoreThis Internet Hate Machine Kills Fascists: Anonymous in Context921 Words   |  4 Pages In Gabriella Colmans 2013 paper â€Å"Anonymous in Context: The Power and Politics Behind the Mask†, she identifies the group Anonymous to work within these paradigms while acting entirely outside customary limits on candour. Through their absolute commitment to freedom in the face of tyranny—and lulz in response to dictators and oligarchs—Anonymous is a definite force of good against evil, and their intentions a net positive to the world. Dr. Coleman explains that in comparison to other major civil

Biography of Lucky Luciano, American Gangster

Charles Lucky Luciano (born Salvatore Lucania; November 24, 1897–January 26, 1962) was instrumental in creating the American Mafia as we know it today. After graduating from the gritty street gangs of New York, Luciano went on to become a henchman for the American branch of the infamous Cosa Nostra. A criminal mastermind, it was Luciano who orchestrated the unification of warring mob factions, creating the first Organized Crime Commission. In addition to taking on the mantle of the first kingpin of the modern Genovese crime family, he and his mob associates launched the highly successful and lucrative National Crime Syndicate. Lucky Luciano Known For: Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano was the criminal mastermind whose influence in shaping the mafia earned him the title of â€Å"father of modern organized crime.†Born: November 24, 1897 in Lercara Friddi,  Sicily, ItalyParents: Rosalia Capporelli and Antonio LucaniaDied: January 26, 1962 in Naples,  Campania, ItalySpouse:  Igea LissoniCriminal Convictions: Pandering, drug traffickingPublished Work: The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano: The Mafia Story in His Own Words (as told to Martin A. Gosch  and  Richard Hammer)Notable Quote: â€Å"There’s no such thing as good money or bad money. There’s just money. Early Years Lucianos family immigrated to the United States in 1906. His criminal career began not long after. At the age of 10, he was charged with his first crime (shoplifting). Luciano launched his first racket in 1907, charging Jewish and Italian kids in his Lower East Side neighborhood anything from one or two pennies to as much as a dime for his protection to and from school. If they refused to pay, Luciano beat them up rather than protect them. One of the kids, Meyer Lansky, refused to ante up. After Luciano failed to pound Lansky to a pulp, the two became friends and joined forces in the protection scheme. They remained friends and close associates throughout most of their lives. At the age of 14, Luciano dropped out of school and started a $7 per week delivery job, but after winning more than $200 in a craps game, he realized there were faster and easier ways of earning money. His parents sent him to The Brooklyn Truant School in hopes of straightening him out but in 1916 after his release, Luciano took over as leader of the notorious Five Points Gang, where he became acquainted with future Mafia leaders Vito Genovese and Frank Costello. In the years leading up to World War I, Luciano expanded his criminal enterprises to include pimping and drug trafficking, and while the police named him as a suspect in several local murders, he was never indicted. The 1920s By 1920, Luciano had branched out into bootlegging and illegal gambling. With financing and an education in social skills from his mentor Arnold the Brain Rothstein, Luciano and his partners were grossing over $12 million a year from the sale of illicit alcohol by 1925. Luciano, Costello, and Genovese had the largest bootlegging operation in New York with a territory that extended as far as Philadephia. By the late 1920s, Luciano had become a chief aide in the largest crime family in the country, led by Giuseppe Joe the Boss Masseria. Initially recruited as a gunman, as time went on, Luciano came to despise the old Mafia (Cosa Nostra) traditions—and especially Masserias belief that non-Sicilians could not be trusted (which ironically, turned out to be true in Lucianos case). After being kidnapped and mugged, Luciano discovered Joe the Boss was behind the attack. A few months later, he decided to betray Masseria by covertly joining forces with the second largest mafia clan led by Salvatore Maranzano. The Castellammarese War began in 1928 and, over the next two years, several gangsters connected to Masseria and Maranzana were killed. Luciano, who was still working for both camps, led four men—including Bugsy Siegel—to a meeting he had arranged with Masseria. The four men sprayed his former boss with bullets, killing him. After the death of Masseria, Maranzano became the Boss of Bosses in New York but his ultimate goal was to become the leading boss in the United States. Maranzano appointed Lucky Luciano as his No. 2 man. The working relationship was short-lived, however. After learning of a plan by Maranzano to double-cross him and wipe out Al Capone in the bargain, Luciano decided to strike first, organizing a meeting at which Maranzano was killed. Lucky Luciano became The Boss of New York and, almost overnight, he began moving into more rackets and expanding their power. The 1930s The 1930s were prosperous times for Luciano, who was now able to break ethnic barriers formerly laid out by the old Mafia. He strengthened his outreach in areas of bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, loan-sharking, narcotics, and labor rackets. In 1936, Luciano was convicted on charges of compulsory prostitution (pandering) and drug trafficking. He was sentenced to 30-50 years but maintained control of the syndicate while behind bars. The 1940s In the early 1940s at the onset of Americas involvement in World War II, Luciano struck a deal with U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence. He offered to supply information to help protect the mob-run New York docks from Nazi saboteurs  in exchange for a move to a better prison and the possibility of early parole. Luciano was transferred to Great Meadow Correctional Facility from the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora in upstate New York. He continued his collaboration, known as Operation Underworld, for the remaining years of the war. In 1946, Governor Thomas E. Dewey (who while serving as Special Prosecutor was responsible for Lucianos conviction) granted the mobster a commutation of sentence and had him deported to Italy, where he was able to resume control over the American syndicate. Luciano snuck into Cuba in October 1946, where he attended The Havana Conference, a meeting of the five major crime families hosted by Lansky who already had an established presence in Cuba. The cover for the meeting was an appearance by Frank Sinatra. During the week-long conference that focused on the heroin trade and gambling activities in Cuba, and also to decide the fate of Bugsy Siegel and his Las Vegas money pit, the Flamingo Hotel, Luciano met privately with Genovese, who suggested that Luciano take on a figurehead role as Boss of Bosses while allowing Genovese to control the day-to-day activities of the syndicate. Luciano declined, saying: There is no Boss of Bosses. I turned it down in front of everybody. If I ever change my mind, I will take the title. But it wont be up to you. Right now you work for me and I aint in the mood to retire. Dont you ever let me hear this again, or Ill lose my temper. When the U.S. government got wind of Lucianos presence in Cuba, it quickly moved to have him repatriated to Italy, where he remained for the rest of his life. While he continued to profit from mob-related activities, his power and influence waned. Death and Legacy As Luciano grew older, his long-time relationship with Lansky began to falter. Luciano felt he wasnt getting his fair share from the mob. Disgruntled, he arranged to have his memoirs written—not to bare his soul so much as to set the record straight as he saw it. He outlined his exploits to writer Richard Hammer and had also arranged to meet with producer Martin Gosch about a possible film version of the project. Word of his confessional (The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano: The Mafia Story in His Own Words, published posthumously) did not sit well with Lucianos former mob associates. In 1962, Luciano suffered a fatal heart attack in the Naples airport, where he talked about the movie with Gosch. There is some conjecture that Luciano did not die of natural causes and that his death may have been a hit in retribution for his turning canary. Lucianos body was sent back to the United States and buried at St. Johns Cemetery in New York City. It is believed that Luciano was one of the most powerful men in organized crime and to this day, his influence over the gangster activity can be felt in this country. He was the first person to challenge the old Mafia by breaking through ethnic barriers and creating a network of gangs that comprised the first national crime syndicate and continued to exert control organized crime long after his death. Sources Donati, William. Lucky Luciano: The Rise and Fall of a Mob Boss. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Company, 2010.  Gosch, Martin A.; Hammer, Richard. 1974.  The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano: The Mafia Story in His Own Words. Little Brown and Company.Newark, Tim. Boardwalk Gangster: The Real Lucky Luciano. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2011.

Project Management A Successful Project Manager - 973 Words

In order to be a successful Project Manager, one must know how to go about managing projects successfully. Not every project is the same therefore not every project should be handled the same. A project manager must decipher all factors and determine what is most important, how the project will be handled and then and only then can an appropriate project methodology be selected and implemented. Like the sands thorough the hourglass, so are the days of project management, ever-changing. Not all projects will fit into just one methodology that’s why there are literally dozens of methodology practices to choose from, this paper will detail five of those options: Adaptive Project Framework, Crystal Methods, Joint Application Development (JAD), Projects IN Controlled Environments (PRINCE2) and Waterfall (Project n.d.). Cavemen evolved over time to meet the challenges faced before them, project management methodology has done the same. It has evolved from the fixed rigid mode ls to a more adaptive model that ebbs and flows with the project needs. Just like a project has to start somewhere, we will start with Adaptive Project Framework. Adaptive Project Framework, while an established methodology is not a rigid formal process that must be directly followed, but it does have structure. It is exactly as its name states, adaptive. With a project, a manager should use an interpretative approach. Identify acceptable alternatives and potential changes that may be beneficial toShow MoreRelatedProject Management : A Successful Project Manager885 Words   |  4 Pages1. Successful project managers possesses the following characteristics: They are visionary with a clear objective, they communicate with their team about their objectives, how to achieve and distributing the responsibilities. Thereby, making a feasible road map to achieve the objective. 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ProjectRead MoreAdvise to a First Time Project Manager on a Software Application968 Words   |  4 PagesTime Project Manager on a Software Application What would be your advice to a young project manager on her first software application package project on the following points? Organising people and resources Covering all aspects of the project scope statement Communicating effectively with team members The summary of my advice to Julianne will be that a successful project manager must at all times focus on successful execution of the project work scope and ensure that the project deliveries

Tamburlaine The Great Part Two Essay Example For Students

Tamburlaine The Great Part Two Essay A monologue from the play by Christopher Marlowe NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Masterpieces of the English Drama. Ed. William Lyon Phelps. New York: American Book Company, 1912. CALLAPINE: Thrice-worthy kings, of Natolia and the rest, I will requite your royal gratitudes With all the benefits my empire yields; And, were the sinews of th\ imperial seat So knit and strengthen\d as when Bajazeth, My royal lord and father, fill\d the throne, Whose cursed fate hath so dismember\d it, Then should you see this thief of Scythia, This proud usurping king of Persia, Do us such honour and supremacy, Bearing the vengeance of our father\s wrongs, As all the world should blot his dignities Out of the book of base-born infamies. And now I doubt not but your royal cares Have so provided for this cursed foe, That, since the heir of mighty Bajazeth (An emperor so honour\d for his virtues) Revives the spirits of all true Turkish hearts, In grievous memory of his father\s shame, We shall not need to nourish any doubt, But that proud Fortune, who hath follow\d long The martial sword of mighty Tamburlaine, Will now retain her old inconstancy, And raise our honours to as high a pitch, In this our strong and fortunate encounter; For so hath heaven provided my escape From all the cruelty my soul sustain\d, By this my friendly keeper\s happy means, That Jove, surcharg\d with pity of our wrongs, Will pour it down in showers on our heads, Scourging the pride of cursed Tamburlaine.

Steroid Use Essays - Endocrine System, Anatomy, Anabolic Steroids

Steroid Use In the past three decades, steroids have become a serious problem in the athletic field. The demand for it has increased within recent years and the prices shot up since the mid-1980's. The smuggling of steroids into the United States increases every year. The methods have become easy. Simple methods such as stashing it inside a teddy bear, sneaking it across the Mexican border inside shampoo bottles have worked. These type of steroids are anabolic drugs that build growth hormones that include testosterone, which are the male sex hormones that improve performance. Testosterone in the male is produced mainly in the testes and a small amount is produced in the adrenal. It is synthesized from cholesterol. Once steroids enter the body, the hypothalamus part of the brain produces gonadotrophin releasing hormone which acts on the anterior pituitary gland to increase the production of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. Luteinizing hormones acts on Leydig cells in the testis to regulate the production and maturation of spermatoza. This produces the testosterone which acts on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitay to supress the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH. Which produces a negative feedback mechanism. The small amount produced in the adrenal is regulated by secretion of adrenal corticotrophic hormone, also secreted by the pituitary. Not all steroids are bad. Some steroids are used to treat inflammatory disorders, strengthen weakened hearts, prevent conception, and alleviate symptoms of arthritis and asthma. Those are called cortico steroids and are taken in low dosages. The steroids used by athletes are mostly androgenic steroids. Androgenic steroids act like testosterone and are the steroids that are commonly abused. Steroids can be injected or taken orally. Androgenic steroids have a fairly limited use in medicine. They are effective in males with testicular failure and are occationally used in osteoporosis and as an appetite stimulant. Many athletes take anabolic steroids at higher dosages. Unfortunately most athletes will not restrict their dosages to theraputic dosages. Many people are fascinated about steroids because of their ability to build up the body. Steroids help muscular tissue after a workout by speeding up the muscle healing process which add more fiber and increasing their bulk, but for these results, dosages need to be pretty high, causing greater side effects. These benefits of steroids help athletes obtain the competitive edge over their opponents. Everybody wants better biceps and triceps. There is a large price to pay when using steroids to achieve these goals. Numerous side effects can result while on steroids depending on the type of steroid taken, gender and body chemistry. Injectable steroids are longer lasting in the body, but the trade off being that it can be detected in your body for a longer period of time and the result take a while to kick in. Some athletes prefer to take it orally because they obtain faster results. You swallow the pill and results will come faster because it goes through the digestive tract. The problem with orals is they put a lot of strain on the liver. Most of the side effects of steroid use result from the conversion of testosterone to estrogen. There are some anabolic steroids that do not undergo this conversion. Those steroids will have fewer side effects. Men and women will have different side effects. Women should take even more caution using steroids since their normal levels are only 5 % of the average male's testosterone level. Women will experience lowering of the voice, increased facial and body hair growth, reduced breast size, enlargement of the clitoris, and irregularity of the menstral cycle. In men, steroids can cause shrinkage of the testicles, decrease in sperm count, impotence, prostate enlargement, and growth of female breast. In both men and women, hair loss, liver ailments, acne, atherosierosis, and cancer are very common. This dangerous drug shortens the life span up to 20 years and increases the chance of obtaining diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and high blood pressure. Many side effects are irreversable. Cancers of the prostate are frequently dependent on testosterone and they may progress very rapidly in the presence of high level of androgens. A percentage of testosterone is converted to estrogen and some artificial androgen have some estrogen effect as